Alaska in the Summer Weather: Temperature, Activities, and Daylight Insights

by

In summer, Alaska typically has average temperatures ranging from 50°F to 60°F (10°C to 15.6°C). Daytime highs can soar to 90°F (32.2°C), but nighttime temperatures may fall below freezing. The summer season is short, and weather variability increases in mid-August as fall approaches.

Alaska in the summer offers a variety of activities. Hiking and wildlife viewing are popular pursuits. Travelers can explore scenic trails and observe animals in their natural habitats. Fishing opportunities abound in the state’s pristine rivers and lakes. Many people also enjoy kayaking and boating in the stunning fjords and bays.

Daylight is another fascinating aspect of Alaska in the summer. The state experiences long hours of daylight, with some areas enjoying up to 20 hours of sunshine. This extended daylight allows for more time to explore and enjoy the breathtaking landscapes.

With such a vibrant summer atmosphere, Alaska becomes a haven for adventure seekers and nature lovers. As we delve deeper into the specifics of seasonal activities, we will explore renowned events, festivals, and local traditions that enhance the summer experience in this remarkable state.

What is the Average Temperature in Alaska During Summer?

The average temperature in Alaska during summer ranges from 55°F to 70°F (13°C to 21°C), depending on the region. This definition highlights the warmest months, typically June to August, when temperatures increase significantly compared to winter months.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) provides data that supports this temperature range. NOAA is a reliable source for climate and weather statistics across the United States, including Alaska.

Several factors contribute to Alaska’s summer temperatures. Geographic location plays a key role, as coastal areas tend to be cooler due to oceanic influences, while inland areas experience higher temperatures. The length of daylight also impacts temperature. Alaska enjoys long days during the summer months, which increases solar heating.

The Alaska Climate Research Center reports that summer temperatures have risen significantly over the last few decades, with an increase of about 2.5°F (1.4°C) since the 1970s. Future projections suggest that temperatures may continue to rise, leading to more extreme weather conditions.

Higher temperatures in Alaska can affect permafrost, wildlife patterns, and local ecosystems. Changes in temperature can disrupt habitats, leading to shifts in species distribution and plant life cycles.

Health impacts include increased risks of heat-related illnesses for residents and visitors. Additionally, warmer temperatures can hinder traditional subsistence activities, such as fishing and hunting, crucial for local communities.

To address rising temperatures, experts recommend sustainable practices. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game advocates for climate adaptation strategies for wildlife management.

Technologies such as renewable energy sources and energy-efficient systems can help mitigate climate impacts. Communities can also invest in green infrastructure to enhance resilience against temperature fluctuations.

How Do Summer Temperatures Vary Across Different Regions in Alaska?

Summer temperatures in Alaska vary significantly across different regions, influenced by geographic location, topography, and climate patterns.

Regions such as Southcentral and Southeast Alaska experience milder summers, while the Interior and Arctic regions face greater temperature fluctuations. Specific key points about the summer temperatures in Alaska include:

  • Southcentral Alaska: This region includes cities like Anchorage and Palmer. Average summer temperatures range from 60°F to 70°F (15°C to 21°C) in June through August. The proximity to the ocean moderates temperatures, leading to cooler summers compared to other areas.

  • Southeast Alaska: Coastal cities like Juneau have average summer temperatures between 55°F and 65°F (13°C to 18°C). The maritime climate contributes to mild temperatures, though high humidity and frequent rain are common.

  • Interior Alaska: Places like Fairbanks experience higher average summer temperatures, ranging from 70°F to 90°F (21°C to 32°C). This region, located farther from the coast, has less maritime influence and sees more sunlight, leading to warmer temperatures.

  • Arctic Alaska: Communities such as Barrow experience much cooler summers, with average temperatures around 40°F to 60°F (4°C to 15°C). The Arctic climate means shorter summers and significant variation in daylight, with continuous daylight during the summer months.

  • Temperature Variation: The difference between the warmest and coolest regions in Alaska in summer can exceed 40°F (22°C). This demonstrates how geography, topography, and the influence of the ocean dramatically affect climate.

Understanding these regional variations helps in planning activities and appreciating the unique weather conditions across Alaska during summer months.

What Activities Can You Enjoy in Alaska During Summer?

Alaska offers a wide range of activities during summer, including outdoor adventures, wildlife viewing, and cultural experiences.

  1. Hiking and Backpacking
  2. Wildlife Viewing
  3. Fishing
  4. Kayaking and Canoeing
  5. Camping
  6. Scenic Train Rides
  7. Glacier Tours
  8. Cultural Events and Festivals

While many travelers enjoy exploring Alaska’s stunning landscapes, some may argue that not all activities suit every visitor. For example, adventure seekers may prefer intense hiking trails, while families may opt for gentler scenic experiences. Understanding these different perspectives enhances our appreciation of Alaska’s summer offerings.

  1. Hiking and Backpacking:
    Hiking and backpacking in Alaska provide an opportunity to explore diverse terrains. Trails range from easy walks to challenging backcountry routes. The famous Denali National Park features trails with breathtaking views of North America’s highest peak. According to the National Park Service, approximately 400,000 visitors hike in Denali each year. These activities promote physical wellness and connect participants with nature.

  2. Wildlife Viewing:
    Wildlife viewing allows visitors to observe unique Alaskan fauna in their natural habitat. Species such as moose, bears, and eagles are common sights. Guided tours often include trips to National Parks, enhancing the chances of sightings. The Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center reports that it hosts thousands of visitors keen on wildlife experiences annually. Such activities foster respect for nature and species conservation efforts.

  3. Fishing:
    Fishing attracts many anglers to Alaska’s rivers, lakes, and oceans. Species like salmon, halibut, and grayling offer diverse fishing experiences. Alaska’s Department of Fish and Game emphasizes that fishing licenses and regulations help sustain populations. Numerous charters and guides are available to assist beginners. This recreational activity encourages sustainable practices and appreciation for aquatic ecosystems.

  4. Kayaking and Canoeing:
    Kayaking and canoeing are popular ways to explore Alaska’s pristine waters. Glacial streams and coastal fjords offer unparalleled scenery. The Aleutian Islands and Kenai Fjords are prime kayaking destinations. Studies show that water-based activities are calming and promote mental health. Kayaking experiences can vary, accommodating both beginners and experienced adventurers.

  5. Camping:
    Camping in Alaska allows visitors to immerse themselves in nature. Options range from established campgrounds to primitive sites in the wilderness. Many National Parks offer unique camping experiences. According to the American Camp Association, camping fosters physical and mental well-being. This activity encourages skills like self-sufficiency and environmental stewardship.

  6. Scenic Train Rides:
    Scenic train rides provide a relaxed way to see Alaska’s stunning landscapes. The Alaska Railroad offers various routes, showcasing majestic mountains and coastlines. Passengers can enjoy views they might miss while driving. The train experience can be an ideal family activity, fostering shared memories and appreciation for the natural beauty.

  7. Glacier Tours:
    Glacier tours expose visitors to Alaska’s awe-inspiring ice formations. These tours may involve boat trips, hiking, or flightseeing. In Glacier Bay National Park, visitors see calving glaciers and learn about climate change’s impact. Research shows glacial studies are crucial for understanding ecological shifts. Such tours highlight the need for environmental awareness and action.

  8. Cultural Events and Festivals:
    Cultural events and festivals celebrate Alaska’s rich heritage. Events include Native culture exhibits, music festivals, and local food fairs. These gatherings promote unity and understanding among diverse communities. Participants gain insights into Indigenous customs and arts, enhancing their overall experience in Alaska.

Alaska’s summer activities cater to diverse interests, offering something for every visitor. Engaging in these explorations fosters a deeper connection to nature and culture.

Which Outdoor Adventures Are Most Popular Among Tourists?

Outdoor adventures that are most popular among tourists include various engaging activities that appeal to different interests and preferences.

  1. Hiking
  2. Camping
  3. Biking
  4. Rock Climbing
  5. Water Sports (e.g., kayaking, rafting)
  6. Wildlife Safaris
  7. Snow Sports (e.g., skiing, snowboarding)
  8. Adventure Tours (e.g., zip-lining, bungee jumping)

These activities reflect diverse tourist preferences and provide exciting opportunities for exploration and enjoyment.

  1. Hiking: Hiking is a popular outdoor activity involving walking in natural environments. It ranges from easy nature walks to challenging mountain treks. The American Hiking Society notes that over 44 million Americans went hiking in 2020, highlighting its popularity in outdoor recreation. Trails like the Appalachian Trail in the U.S. offer breathtaking scenery and varying difficulty levels, attracting both casual hikers and serious backpackers.

  2. Camping: Camping allows people to immerse themselves in nature overnight. Campgrounds provide essential amenities or offer primitive experiences. According to the North America Camping Report (2021), around 40% of U.S. households went camping, showing its appeal as a family-friendly activity. National Parks across the country offer unique landscapes, making camping attractive to tourists.

  3. Biking: Biking combines outdoor activity with fitness. It appeals to urban and rural tourists alike. Many cities have dedicated bike paths, while picturesque rural routes provide excellent scenic views. A study by the Outdoor Industry Association (2020) reported that 47 million Americans participated in cycling, illustrating its growing popularity among tourists.

  4. Rock Climbing: Rock climbing is an adventurous sport suitable for thrill-seekers. It takes place both indoors and outdoors. Popular destinations like Joshua Tree National Park attract climbers globally, offering unique rock formations and climbing challenges. The climbing community is vibrant, with many organized tours and retreats available.

  5. Water Sports: Water sports encompass activities such as kayaking, rafting, and paddleboarding. These activities are especially popular in areas with lakes, rivers, or coastal regions. A report by Statista (2021) indicated that participation in water sports had increased significantly, particularly during the summer months, as tourists look for ways to stay cool and active.

  6. Wildlife Safaris: Wildlife safaris provide immersive experiences in natural settings where tourists can observe wild animals. Popular in destinations like Africa and specific U.S. national parks, safaris connect people with nature. According to a survey by the Adventure Travel Trade Association (2021), wildlife watching is a primary motivation for many tourists when choosing their destinations.

  7. Snow Sports: Snow sports like skiing and snowboarding capture the interests of winter enthusiasts. Resorts in the Rockies and Alps attract millions each year. The National Ski Areas Association reported that during the 2019-2020 season, over 9 million skiers participated in these activities in the U.S. alone, showcasing their popularity among adventurous winter tourists.

  8. Adventure Tours: Adventure tours include high-energy and thrilling activities such as zip-lining and bungee jumping. They attract tourists seeking unique experiences. According to a study by the World Tourism Organization (2020), adventure tourism is rapidly growing, with more travelers seeking these adrenaline-pumping opportunities for vacation experiences.

These popular outdoor adventures showcase a range of activities that cater to various interests and desires, providing tourists with engaging ways to connect with nature and explore new environments.

What Wildlife Encounters Can You Experience in Alaska’s Summer?

You can experience a diverse range of wildlife encounters in Alaska during the summer months. These encounters include observing various species in their natural habitats, taking part in guided tours, and enjoying unique seasonal behaviors.

  1. Land Mammals
  2. Marine Mammals
  3. Birds
  4. Insects
  5. Fish

Wildlife encounters in Alaska’s summer provide a rich tapestry of experiences, highlighting both common and unique species and emphasizing the importance of various ecosystems.

  1. Land Mammals:
    Land mammals in Alaska, such as grizzly bears, moose, and caribou, offer captivating wildlife encounters. Grizzly bears can be seen foraging for salmon in rivers. Moose are frequently spotted in parks and along roadways. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, the state’s moose population is estimated at around 175,000. Caribou, particularly during migration, demonstrate intriguing group behaviors.

  2. Marine Mammals:
    Alaska’s coastal waters are home to marine mammals like humpback whales, sea otters, and seals. Humpback whales breach the ocean surface, providing spectacular shows for boaters. The NOAA estimates that there are approximately 2,000 humpback whales in Alaskan waters. Sea otters, known for their playful nature, can be observed floating on their backs, often using tools to crack open shells.

  3. Birds:
    Bird watchers can enjoy diverse bird species, including puffins and bald eagles. Puffins nest on coastal cliffs, showcasing their colorful beaks. The American Bald Eagle, a symbol of the U.S., soars high above coastal areas, and about 40,000 pairs nest in the area, according to Audubon Society estimates.

  4. Insects:
    Insects, particularly mosquitoes and various butterflies, are prevalent during the summer. While mosquitoes are often viewed negatively due to their abundance, they serve as essential food sources for birds and bats. The Alaska Entomological Society notes that the large populations can be a nuisance, but they contribute to the ecosystem’s food web.

  5. Fish:
    Fishing experiences are abundant during the summer. Anglers seek salmon, halibut, and rainbow trout in Alaska’s rivers and oceans. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, over 35 million salmon are harvested each year, making it a crucial industry. Guided fishing trips enable visitors to learn fishing techniques while enjoying the stunning scenery.

How Does Daylight Impact Daily Life in Alaska During Summer?

Daylight significantly impacts daily life in Alaska during summer. Long daylight hours occur due to Alaska’s high latitude. During summer, the sun can shine for up to 20 hours a day. This extended daylight encourages outdoor activities such as hiking, fishing, and camping. Many residents and tourists take advantage of the warm weather and sunshine.

Consequently, businesses experience increased activity. Local parks and attractions see more visitors. Restaurants and shops often extend their hours to accommodate the surge in clientele. Enhanced daylight also influences the rhythm of daily life. People tend to wake up earlier and go to bed later, leading to longer days filled with activity.

Moreover, the mental well-being of individuals can improve. Increased sunlight exposure boosts mood and energy levels. This phenomenon is particularly beneficial for those affected by seasonal affective disorder, as they receive more light.

In summary, extended daylight hours in Alaska during summer enhance outdoor activities, boost local economies, and positively affect mental health, illustrating the profound impact of sunlight on daily life.

What Are the Effects of Extended Daylight on Activities and Mood?

Extended daylight significantly affects activities and mood, enhancing outdoor engagement and improving mental well-being.

  1. Increased Outdoor Activities
  2. Improved Mood and Mental Health
  3. Disruption of Sleep Patterns
  4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Management
  5. Diverse Opinions on Daylight Preferences

The perspectives on extended daylight vary, leading to different interpretations of its impacts.

  1. Increased Outdoor Activities:
    Extended daylight encourages more outdoor activities. Longer days allow people to engage in recreational pursuits such as hiking, biking, and sports, particularly after work hours. A study by the University of Southern California in 2019 found that individuals are 25% more likely to participate in outdoor activities during longer daylight hours. This increase in activity can lead to better physical health and enhanced social interactions.

  2. Improved Mood and Mental Health:
    Extended daylight has a positive effect on mood and mental health. Increased exposure to natural light boosts serotonin levels in the brain, which can enhance feelings of happiness and well-being. Research published in the Journal of Affective Disorders found a direct correlation between daylight hours and reduced rates of depression and anxiety. For example, residents of areas with longer daylight in summer months report experiencing fewer symptoms of depression.

  3. Disruption of Sleep Patterns:
    While extended daylight can be beneficial, it may also disrupt sleep patterns. Longer daylight hours can lead to decreased melatonin production, the hormone responsible for sleep regulation. According to the Sleep Foundation, individuals may struggle to fall asleep or experience poorer sleep quality during the summer months when daylight extends late into the evening.

  4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Management:
    Extended daylight can assist in managing Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). This form of depression occurs during shorter daylight months. Research indicates that increased exposure to light during longer days can alleviate the symptoms of SAD. A study by the American Journal of Psychiatry stated that phototherapy, or light therapy, employing natural daylight can significantly improve the mood of individuals suffering from SAD.

  5. Diverse Opinions on Daylight Preferences:
    Opinions regarding extended daylight effects vary. Some individuals appreciate the longer daylight for increased activities and mental clarity, while others find it intrusive, leading to sleep disturbances. A survey conducted by the National Sleep Foundation revealed that 55% of respondents preferred shorter daylight hours in winter to maintain consistent sleep schedules.

In conclusion, extended daylight influences both activities and mood positively and negatively, reflecting diverse perspectives on its impact.

What Essentials Should You Pack for a Summer Trip to Alaska?

To prepare for a summer trip to Alaska, pack essentials that ensure comfort, safety, and enjoyment. This includes clothing for varying temperatures, outdoor gear, and personal items suited for adventure.

  1. Clothing Layers
  2. Waterproof Gear
  3. Outdoor Footwear
  4. Insect Repellent
  5. Sunscreen
  6. Navigation Tools
  7. First Aid Kit

Packing these essentials can enhance your experience in Alaska. Let’s explore these items in detail for a better understanding.

  1. Clothing Layers:
    Packing clothing layers is crucial for summer trips to Alaska. Temperatures can vary widely, so layering helps you adjust as needed. Start with a moisture-wicking base layer, add an insulating middle layer, and finish with a waterproof or windproof outer layer. The National Park Service emphasizes the importance of dressing in layers to stay comfortable in changing conditions.

  2. Waterproof Gear:
    Waterproof gear protects you from unexpected rain and wet conditions in Alaska. A high-quality rain jacket, waterproof pants, and a dry bag for your belongings are essential. The Weather Channel indicates that summer rainfall can be frequent in Alaska, making waterproof gear a necessity for outdoor activities like hiking or wildlife viewing.

  3. Outdoor Footwear:
    Durable outdoor footwear is vital for exploring Alaska’s diverse landscapes. Invest in waterproof hiking boots for rugged trails and comfortable sandals for warmer days. Backpacker magazine recommends footwear with good ankle support and traction to navigate uneven terrain safely.

  4. Insect Repellent:
    Insect repellent is necessary during summer, as mosquitoes and biting flies can be prevalent. Choose a repellent with DEET or natural alternatives rated for effectiveness. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, proper insect protection is crucial when spending time outdoors.

  5. Sunscreen:
    Sunscreen is important even in cooler temperatures to protect against UV rays. Choose a broad-spectrum sunscreen with at least SPF 30. The American Academy of Dermatology advises reapplying sunscreen every two hours, especially during outdoor excursions when UV exposure can increase.

  6. Navigation Tools:
    Navigation tools, such as maps, compasses, or GPS devices, are essential for hiking or exploring remote areas. Many trails can lack signage, making these tools vital. The U.S. Forest Service recommends carrying a reliable navigation method to ensure safety in unmarked territories.

  7. First Aid Kit:
    A basic first aid kit should be included in your packing essentials. It should contain bandages, antiseptics, and any personal medications you may need. The American Red Cross advises preparing for minor injuries and emergencies when venturing into the wilderness.

These items will equip you with the essentials for a safe, enjoyable, and memorable summer trip to Alaska.

How Does Summer Weather Influence Your Packing List?

Summer weather influences your packing list significantly. Warm temperatures and longer daylight hours characterize summer. You should prioritize lightweight, breathable clothing. Fabrics like cotton and linen provide comfort during heat. Include items like T-shirts, shorts, and sundresses.

Hydration is essential in summer. Therefore, pack a reusable water bottle. Bring sunscreen to protect your skin from UV rays. Sunglasses and a wide-brimmed hat help shield your eyes and face from the sun.

If you plan outdoor activities, consider packing swimwear and quick-drying towels. Insect repellent is crucial for areas prone to bugs. Additionally, include comfortable footwear for hiking or walking.

Prepare for weather variations. It may still rain in summer, so bring a light rain jacket or poncho. Layering is advisable for cooler evenings.

Finally, check the specific climate of your destination. This will help finalize your packing list. By considering these factors, you ensure that you have everything needed for a comfortable summer experience.

What Cultural Events and Festivals Occur in Alaska During the Summer?

Alaska hosts a variety of cultural events and festivals during the summer, showcasing its rich heritage and vibrant community life.

  1. Fur Rendezvous (Fur Rondy)
  2. Alaska Native Heritage Month
  3. Summer Solstice Festival
  4. Anchorage Market & Festival
  5. Sitka Whalefest
  6. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race Restart
  7. Kodiak Crab Festival
  8. Kenai Peninsula Fair
  9. Talkeetna Bluegrass and Beer Festival
  10. Juneau’s Celebration

The summer events in Alaska represent a rich mosaic of traditions, arts, and local pride. Each festival offers unique experiences, bolstered by cultural significance and community participation.

  1. Fur Rendezvous (Fur Rondy): Fur Rendezvous, known as Fur Rondy, is a winter festival held in Anchorage, Alaska. However, the festival also extends into summer activities, creating anticipation for the annual Iditarod sled dog race restart. The event features a variety of entertainment, competitions, and cultural exhibits, attracting participants and spectators alike.

  2. Alaska Native Heritage Month: Alaska Native Heritage Month honors the diverse cultures of Indigenous peoples in Alaska. During this month, various events such as art displays, cultural performances, and traditional food tastings take place throughout the state. This celebration promotes understanding and appreciation of Alaska Native history, languages, and traditions.

  3. Summer Solstice Festival: The Summer Solstice Festival celebrates the longest day of the year with community activities. Events include live music, outdoor games, and art displays. Participants often enjoy the extended daylight, as it provides excellent opportunities for outdoor fun and socializing.

  4. Anchorage Market & Festival: The Anchorage Market & Festival occurs every weekend during the summer months. It features local artisans, food vendors, and live performances, drawing both locals and tourists. This vibrant market showcases Alaskan products and fosters community interaction.

  5. Sitka Whalefest: Sitka Whalefest celebrates the return of humpback whales to the waters of Alaska. The festival includes educational workshops and activities focused on marine science and conservation. This event highlights the importance of environmental awareness and sustainability.

  6. Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race Restart: The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race Restart is a significant event in Anchorage, marking the beginning of the iconic race. This festival captivates thousands with dog parades, community gatherings, and promotional events. It celebrates Alaska’s sled dog culture and its historical significance.

  7. Kodiak Crab Festival: The Kodiak Crab Festival celebrates the area’s seafood industry, especially Alaskan king crab. The festival features seafood tastings, cooking demonstrations, and local arts and crafts. It emphasizes the connection between the community and its marine resources.

  8. Kenai Peninsula Fair: The Kenai Peninsula Fair offers a platform for local artisans, farmers, and performers. This festival includes rodeo events, musical performances, and exhibitions of agriculture and crafts. It reflects the local culture and fosters community spirit.

  9. Talkeetna Bluegrass and Beer Festival: This festival celebrates bluegrass music and craft beer, attracting music lovers and brewers from across the state. It features live performances and craft beer tastings. The festival promotes local musicians and breweries, creating a lively atmosphere.

  10. Juneau’s Celebration: Juneau’s Celebration is an annual event that showcases Alaska Native culture through dances, storytelling, and arts and crafts. This event fosters a greater understanding of the rich cultural heritage of the Indigenous peoples in Alaska.

Alaska’s summer festivals provide essential insights into the state’s cultural breadth, fostering community connections and celebrating local traditions.

Why Are These Cultural Events Significant to Alaskan Communities?

Cultural events are significant to Alaskan communities because they celebrate heritage, foster community bonding, and preserve traditional practices. These events serve as vital platforms for sharing cultural knowledge and reinforcing the identity of various groups within Alaska.

According to the Alaska State Council on the Arts, cultural events like festivals and ceremonies help maintain cultural heritage and promote community identity. These gatherings showcase the diverse traditions of Indigenous peoples and other groups in Alaska.

The significance of these cultural events can be attributed to several key factors. First, they promote cultural continuity, allowing older generations to pass down traditions to younger members. Second, they encourage community participation, strengthening social ties. Third, they provide a venue for economic opportunities through tourism and local business support. Lastly, they help in raising awareness about Indigenous issues and cultural preservation.

Cultural continuity refers to the ongoing transmission of cultural practices from one generation to the next. This includes storytelling, traditional crafts, and dance. Community participation means that members actively take part in planning, organizing, and executing events, which builds a sense of ownership and pride.

Factors such as demographic diversity contribute to the importance of cultural events. Alaska has a rich tapestry of cultures, including Native Alaskan tribes, Russian settlers, and various immigrant communities. Each group organizes events like potlatches, potluck dinners, and competitive games that support cultural expression. For example, the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race is not just a competition; it also celebrates the history and contribution of sled dogs in Alaskan life.

Specific actions that enhance the impact of cultural events include collaboration between local schools and community organizations. For instance, schools may host educational programs during cultural festivals, allowing students to learn from artists and elders about their heritage. Additionally, public outreach, such as marketing campaigns and social media promotion, can encourage attendance and participation.

In summary, cultural events are essential for the vitality and sustainability of Alaskan communities. They provide a means for cultural preservation, enhance community bonds, and promote economic development.

Related Post: