Can Americans Retire In Canada? A Comprehensive Guide To Housing And Healthcare [Updated On 2025]

Americans can retire in Canada. The country provides a lower cost of living, universal healthcare, and a high quality of life. Retirees benefit from a stable economy and a friendly community. Before moving, Americans should check visa requirements and tax implications for a seamless transition.

Healthcare is another vital aspect for retirees. Canada offers a public healthcare system, which provides access to a wide range of medical services. However, eligibility for provincial health coverage varies. New residents may have to wait for up to three months before coverage begins. It is advisable for Americans to obtain private health insurance during this waiting period.

Additionally, retirees should explore visa requirements. An essential document is the Temporary Resident Visa, which allows Americans to stay for up to six months. Some may consider a more permanent solution, such as applying for residency.

Understanding housing, healthcare, and immigration regulations is crucial for Americans planning to retire in Canada. As you move forward, consider the lifestyle changes and community integration to ensure a fulfilling retirement experience in this beautiful country.

Table of Contents

Can Americans Legally Retire in Canada?

Yes, Americans can legally retire in Canada. However, they must meet specific immigration requirements to do so.

Canadian immigration laws allow foreign nationals, including Americans, to move to Canada through various visa programs or residency options. Many Americans choose to apply for a temporary resident visa, work permit, or, eventually, permanent residency. They can also explore options like the Super Visa for visiting family members. To successfully retire in Canada, Americans should demonstrate financial stability and a plan for healthcare coverage, as they may not be eligible for public health insurance immediately upon arrival.

What Are the Visa Options for Americans Retiring in Canada?

Americans retiring in Canada have several visa options available. They can consider the following categories for a smooth transition.

Visitor Visa
Super Visa
Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs)
Express Entry: Federal Skilled Worker Program
Retiree Residency Options
Family Sponsorship

The options listed provide various paths based on individual circumstances, such as age, financial security, and personal ties in Canada. Some Canadians believe that tighter regulations should be implemented, while others argue for more leniency to encourage retirees to settle.

Visitor Visa:
A visitor visa allows Americans to stay in Canada for up to six months. This visa does not permit work but enables retirees to explore and enjoy the country. It is suitable for those who plan to spend part of the year in Canada without long-term commitment. Canada welcomes tourists with a straightforward application process. However, visitors must demonstrate ties to the U.S. and sufficient funds for their stay.
Super Visa:
The Super Visa is specifically designed for parents and grandparents of Canadian citizens or permanent residents. This visa allows holders to stay for up to two years without renewing their status. To qualify, applicants must provide proof of a family relationship and meet certain financial requirements. This option appeals to American retirees who want to live close to their Canadian family members.
Provincial Nominee Programs (PNPs):
Many Canadian provinces have unique PNPs that allow them to nominate individuals for permanent residency. Each province has different requirements based on labor market needs. For retirees with specific skills or a history of work in certain fields, this can be a viable path. A 2022 report by the Government of Canada noted that PNP participants have high employment rates, which demonstrates their integration potential.
Express Entry: Federal Skilled Worker Program:
This immigration program is focused on skilled workers, including retirees who meet certain qualifications. The Express Entry system uses a points-based approach assessing age, education, work experience, and language proficiency. Prospective applicants must have funds to support themselves as they settle. Despite its name, this option is often perceived as complex and competitive due to high demand.
Retiree Residency Options:
Canada does not have a specific retirement visa, but retirees can explore options to maintain long-term residency through other means. Many individuals apply for permanent residency via family sponsorship or economic immigration. Research suggests that the feedback on this issue is mixed; some retirees find the process challenging, while others appreciate the opportunities available.
Family Sponsorship:
Family sponsorship allows U.S. citizens who have family members in Canada to obtain residency. Canadian citizens or permanent residents can sponsor relatives, including spouses, children, and other dependents. This option is highly valued, as it fosters community connections and support networks for new residents. However, some Canadian citizens argue that the sponsorship process can be lengthy and bureaucratic.

By examining these options, Americans can find a solution that best fits their retirement plans in Canada.

How Long Can Americans Stay in Canada on a Tourist Visa?

Americans can stay in Canada as tourists for up to six months without a visa. The exact duration is determined by the border services officer upon entry. The officer may issue a visitor record, which specifies the allowed length of stay.

The typical tourist visit lasts between a few days to several months. For instance, many Americans visit Canada for summer vacations or winter sports for about two weeks. Others may explore longer stays for work, study, or family visits, often utilizing the full six-month allowance.

Several factors can influence the duration of stay, including the purpose of the visit and the traveler’s background. Individuals with prior immigration violations may face restrictions. Additionally, the officer has discretion to grant shorter stays based on specific circumstances, such as the traveler’s intentions or lack of proof of ties to the U.S.

Be mindful that while tourists can generally stay for six months, they must leave Canada on or before the date specified by border services. Those wishing to stay longer must apply for an extension before their authorized stay expires.

In summary, Americans can stay in Canada for up to six months as tourists. The decision is made at the border, factoring in individual circumstances and the purpose of the visit. Travelers should plan accordingly and ensure compliance with immigration regulations. Further exploration into obtaining an extension or specific visa categories may be beneficial for longer visits.

How Do Housing Costs in Canada Compare for American Retirees?

Housing costs in Canada can be higher or lower compared to American retirees’ expectations, depending on the region and specific markets. Key factors influencing these costs include location, market trends, and tax implications.

Location: Major Canadian cities like Toronto and Vancouver have significantly higher housing costs. For instance, the average home price in Vancouver was approximately CAD 1.1 million in 2021 (Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver, 2021). In contrast, smaller cities or rural areas tend to have more affordable options.
Market Trends: Housing prices in Canada have been rising steadily. Data from the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA, 2021) indicates that home prices increased by 19.1% year-over-year in March 2021. These trends may differ markedly from U.S. housing markets.
Tax Implications: Canadian property taxes can be higher than in many U.S. states. For example, Ontario has property taxes averaging around 1.1% of the property’s assessed value (Municipal Property Assessment Corporation, 2021). This contrasts with states like Florida, which has average property taxes around 1.02%.
Currency Exchange: The exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Canadian dollar affects purchasing power. As of October 2023, 1 U.S. dollar is roughly equal to 1.36 Canadian dollars. This fluctuation can influence housing affordability for American retirees.
Residency Requirements: American retirees seeking to purchase property may face different residency requirements and taxes in Canada. Programs such as the “Registered Retirement Savings Plan” can provide tax benefits for Americans investing in Canadian real estate.

Taking these factors into account, American retirees should carefully consider regional differences and current market conditions when evaluating housing costs in Canada.

What Types of Housing Are Available for American Retirees in Canada?

The types of housing available for American retirees in Canada include a variety of options that cater to different lifestyles and preferences.

Independent Living Communities
Assisted Living Facilities
Condominiums
Single-Family Homes
Retirement Communities
Co-housing Initiatives
Mobile Home Parks

These housing types present diverse options for retirees, ranging from fully independent living to supportive environments. The choice significantly depends on individual needs, financial resources, and desired social engagement.

1. Independent Living Communities:
Independent living communities offer retirees a self-sufficient lifestyle in a setting that encourages socialization. Residents typically live in private apartments or cottages and benefit from communal activities and services. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, 45% of seniors live independently, which emphasizes the demand for these types of communities. They often include amenities like gyms, meal services, and transportation.

2. Assisted Living Facilities:
Assisted living facilities provide support with daily activities while ensuring residents maintain their independence. These facilities cater to seniors needing assistance with tasks such as bathing, dressing, or medication management. According to Statistics Canada, around 3.5% of seniors reside in assisted living environments. Facilities often include meals, personal care, and social activities.

3. Condominiums:
Condominiums are popular among retirees looking to downsize. They offer a low-maintenance lifestyle, as exterior upkeep is typically managed by a condo association. In urban settings, condos are attractive due to convenient access to parks, shopping, and healthcare services. The Canadian Real Estate Association reports a rising trend of older adults purchasing condos, highlighting their appeal among retirees.

4. Single-Family Homes:
Single-family homes remain a traditional choice for retirees who prefer space and privacy. This option allows for garden space, garage access, and various amenities. Many retirees choose to buy homes in quieter neighborhoods that offer a sense of community. However, this can also come with higher maintenance responsibilities, which may deter some retirees.

5. Retirement Communities:
Retirement communities are age-restricted developments that provide a blend of independent living and social engagement. They often host organized activities and provide various amenities tailored toward an active lifestyle. A growing number of seniors appreciate these communities for their engaging environments and support services, as noted by the Retirement Communities Association in Canada.

6. Co-housing Initiatives:
Co-housing initiatives involve small, intentional communities where residents share resources and responsibilities. This model fosters connection and collaboration among residents. While still relatively rare, interest in co-housing is rising as retirees seek affordable living options and community support. The Canadian Cohousing Network emphasizes the need for diverse housing types for the aging population.

7. Mobile Home Parks:
Mobile home parks provide affordable housing alternatives for retirees. These parks typically allow residents to own their homes while renting land. This option is ideal for seniors seeking affordability without sacrificing community feel. Statistics Canada reports that mobile home living accommodates a niche segment of retirees, providing them a sense of independence at lower costs.

Overall, the housing options available for American retirees in Canada create opportunities for various lifestyles based on personal circumstances, financial capabilities, and preferences. Each type of housing can significantly influence retirees’ overall experience and quality of life in Canada.

How Can Americans Find Affordable Housing in Canada?

Americans can find affordable housing in Canada by researching various regions, utilizing online resources, exploring government assistance programs, and networking with local communities.

Researching regions: Different regions in Canada have varying housing costs. For example, cities like Toronto and Vancouver are more expensive, while places like Moncton or St. John’s offer lower prices. According to Statistics Canada (2022), the average rent for a one-bedroom apartment in Toronto is approximately CAD 2,300, while it’s around CAD 1,100 in Moncton.

Utilizing online resources: Websites like Realtor.ca and Kijiji provide listings for rentals and homes for sale across Canada. These platforms allow users to filter housing options based on budget, location, and type of dwelling, helping Americans narrow their search.

Exploring government assistance programs: The Canadian government offers various programs to assist low-income families. The Canada Housing Benefit, for example, provides financial support to help cover housing costs. Details about such programs can often be found on provincial or municipal government websites.

Networking with local communities: Engaging with local forums, social media groups, or regional community boards can provide insights into the housing market. Residents often share tips on affordable rentals or available homes. For instance, Facebook groups focused on housing in specific Canadian towns can lead to valuable recommendations.

By following these strategies, Americans can navigate the Canadian housing market effectively and find affordable options that meet their needs.

What Are the Average Housing Costs in Major Canadian Cities?

The average housing costs in major Canadian cities vary significantly. As of 2023, cities like Toronto and Vancouver experience higher prices, while cities such as Montreal and Calgary are relatively more affordable.

Average housing costs in major cities:
– Toronto: High
– Vancouver: High
– Calgary: Moderate
– Montreal: Moderate
– Ottawa: Moderate
Influencing factors on housing costs:
– Demand and supply dynamics
– Economic conditions
– Government policies
– Interest rates
– Regional amenities and infrastructure
Perspectives on housing costs:
– Affordability concerns for first-time buyers
– Opportunities for real estate investment
– Disparities between urban and rural housing markets
– Opinions from housing advocates

The perspectives outlined above provide insight into various viewpoints regarding housing costs, leading us to explore them in more detail.

Average Housing Costs:
The average housing costs in major Canadian cities reflect a significant range. Toronto demonstrates very high costs with average home prices exceeding CAD 1 million, as noted by the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA, 2023). Vancouver also showcases high average housing costs, often averaging around CAD 1.2 million. In contrast, cities like Calgary and Montreal have moderate prices, averaging between CAD 500,000 to CAD 700,000, which offers more affordability for potential homeowners. Ottawa’s prices also fall within a moderate range, reflecting a balance in the market demand versus supply.
Influencing Factors on Housing Costs:
Factors influencing housing costs include demand and supply dynamics. High demand combined with limited housing supply drives prices upward, especially in major urban centers. Economic conditions play a crucial role; for example, strong job markets typically boost housing demand. Government policies, such as housing taxes and zoning laws, can affect availability and affordability. Additionally, interest rates influence borrowing costs, impacting homebuyer purchasing power. Lastly, regional amenities and infrastructure, like access to public transportation and quality schools, can significantly enhance property values.
Perspectives on Housing Costs:
Different perspectives exist regarding housing costs. Many first-time buyers express concerns about affordability within major urban areas. Real estate investment opportunities are highlighted by investors who see rising property values as advantageous. Some advocates argue for increased affordable housing initiatives to bridge the gap for low-income families. Furthermore, disparities between urban and rural housing markets can lead to differing experiences, with many finding rural areas more affordable yet lacking in job opportunities. Each of these perspectives emphasizes the complexity of the housing market in Canada, showcasing both challenges and opportunities within the sector.

What Healthcare Options Do Americans Have While Retiring in Canada?

Americans have several healthcare options while retiring in Canada, including provincial health insurance and private insurance plans.

Provincial Health Insurance
Private Health Insurance
Travel Insurance
Employer-Sponsored Insurance
Out-of-Pocket Expenses

These options provide a range of coverage levels and costs, which can vary based on individual circumstances. It’s important for retirees to understand these options clearly before making a decision.

Provincial Health Insurance:
Provincial health insurance provides basic medical coverage to residents in Canada. Each province has its own health plan that covers essential healthcare services such as hospital visits and doctor appointments. In some cases, new residents may need to wait several months before they can access these services. As highlighted by the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), waiting periods can extend up to three months for new residents.
Private Health Insurance:
Private health insurance complements provincial coverage. It covers services not included in the public plan, like dental care, vision care, and prescription drugs. Companies such as Manulife and Sun Life offer various plans tailored for retirees. According to a 2020 study by the Canadian Life and Health Insurance Association, approximately 60% of Canadians rely on private insurance for additional coverage.
Travel Insurance:
Travel insurance covers unexpected medical emergencies during travel. It is particularly useful for retirees who may frequently travel back to the United States or elsewhere. Policies vary widely in coverage and cost, making it essential for individuals to review terms carefully. The Insurance Bureau of Canada advises travelers to purchase insurance that includes coverage for hospital expenses and repatriation.
Employer-Sponsored Insurance:
Some retirees may retain employer-sponsored insurance through their former workplace. This can provide continued access to healthcare coverage after retirement. However, policies differ significantly, and retirees should confirm details with their previous employer to understand the coverage duration and extent.
Out-of-Pocket Expenses:
Out-of-pocket expenses refer to healthcare costs that retirees must pay without insurance reimbursement. This includes deductibles, co-pays, or charges for services not covered by provincial insurance. According to the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH), Canadians without supplemental insurance pay, on average, CAD 6,000 annually for healthcare out-of-pocket.

Understanding these healthcare options can help Americans planning to retire in Canada make informed decisions about their healthcare needs.

How Does the Canadian Healthcare System Work for Non-Residents?

The Canadian healthcare system provides essential services but has specific rules for non-residents. Non-residents, such as tourists or temporary workers, typically do not have access to the publicly funded healthcare services available to residents. To receive healthcare services, non-residents should obtain private health insurance before arriving in Canada. This insurance covers medical expenses during their stay.

Non-residents who fall ill or require medical attention must pay out-of-pocket for services or use their private insurance. Costs can vary significantly depending on the service needed. For example, doctor consultations and hospital visits could be expensive without insurance coverage.

In summary, non-residents should secure private health insurance to access healthcare services while in Canada. This strategy helps avoid high medical costs and ensures necessary care is available during their visit.

What Health Insurance Plans Are Available for American Retirees in Canada?

American retirees in Canada have several health insurance options. They include government-provided plans, private insurance policies, and travel medical insurance specifically designed for expatriates.

Government healthcare plans
Private health insurance policies
Travel medical insurance
Provincial health insurance plans
Employer-sponsored insurance

The next section will delve deeper into each type of health insurance available to American retirees in Canada.

Government healthcare plans: Government healthcare plans in Canada provide basic medical services to residents. Canadian provinces and territories administer these plans. Eligibility often depends on residency status. American retirees may need to establish residency in a Canadian province to access these benefits. However, some provinces impose waiting periods before coverage begins.
Private health insurance policies: Private health insurance policies offer more comprehensive coverage compared to government plans. These policies can include benefits like dental care, vision care, and prescription drug coverage. Several private insurers, like Blue Cross and Manulife, provide tailored health plans for retirees. Retirees can choose plans based on their specific healthcare needs.
Travel medical insurance: Travel medical insurance is crucial for American retirees visiting Canada. This insurance covers emergency medical expenses during short stays. Additionally, it is advisable for those who frequently travel between the U.S. and Canada. Policies are typically short-term and affordable but can vary widely in terms of coverage.
Provincial health insurance plans: Each Canadian province has its health insurance plan. For example, Ontario has OHIP, while British Columbia offers MSP. Eligibility criteria and coverage benefits differ across provinces. American retirees should apply for provincial health insurance upon arrival and meet the requisite residency requirements.
Employer-sponsored insurance: Some American retirees may remain eligible for employer-sponsored insurance after retirement. This coverage may extend to international living. Retirees should consult their former employer to understand the terms. This option can fill gaps in coverage left by government plans, particularly for extended healthcare services.

Understanding these health insurance options is vital for American retirees planning to live in Canada. Each plan has its unique features and benefits to meet varying healthcare needs.

Can Americans Use Their U.S. Health Insurance in Canada?

No, Americans cannot generally use their U.S. health insurance in Canada.

Most U.S. health insurance plans do not cover medical services received outside the United States. Consequently, Americans traveling or living in Canada typically face high out-of-pocket costs for healthcare services.

Some plans might offer limited coverage for emergencies abroad, but it is essential for travelers to verify their individual policy details. Many Americans choose to purchase travel insurance to cover any potential medical expenses while in Canada. This insurance can provide additional peace of mind and ensure access to necessary medical care during their stay.

What Other Factors Should Americans Consider When Retiring in Canada?

Americans considering retirement in Canada should evaluate various important factors beyond simple visa requirements. These factors can significantly impact their living experience.

Cost of Living
Climate and Geography
Healthcare Access
Tax Implications
Community and Social Integration
Language Barriers
Legal Residency Requirements

To navigate the complexities of retiring in Canada, it is crucial to understand each of these factors.

Cost of Living: Cost of living refers to the amount of money required to maintain a certain standard of living. Canadians often face higher living expenses in major cities like Toronto and Vancouver compared to smaller towns and rural areas. According to the Canadian Real Estate Association, average home prices in these cities can exceed $1 million, while more affordable options are available in other regions. This discrepancy can affect retirees’ financial planning.
Climate and Geography: Climate and geography describe the environmental conditions and physical landscape of a location. Canada experiences a diverse climate ranging from temperate in the west to harsh winters in the north. Retirees should consider their tolerance for cold weather and snow, which can impact activities and mobility. For example, British Columbia offers milder winters compared to provinces like Manitoba, which can shape lifestyle choices.
Healthcare Access: Healthcare access involves the availability and quality of medical services. Canada has a public healthcare system that provides coverage, but retirees must ensure their specific needs are met. For example, provinces may have different waiting times and coverage details. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, provinces vary in procedures for obtaining health services, making it essential to confirm coverage as a retiree.
Tax Implications: Tax implications refer to the financial responsibilities retirees face when residing in another country. Canada has agreements with the U.S. to prevent double taxation, yet retirees should understand how their pensions, social security, and income are taxed. Consultation with a tax professional familiar with cross-border regulations can provide clarity on financial obligations.
Community and Social Integration: Community and social integration describe how easily individuals adapt to and become a part of society. Joining local groups or clubs can foster friendships and a sense of belonging. Furthermore, cultural differences may present challenges. The Statistics Canada 2016 Census revealed that approximately 20% of Canadians are immigrants, showcasing a multicultural environment that can offer both challenges and richness.
Language Barriers: Language barriers highlight the challenges posed by differing languages. Canada is bilingual, with English and French being the official languages. In regions like Quebec, knowledge of French is crucial for integration. Retirees in bilingual areas may find language skills beneficial for daily transactions and social interaction.
Legal Residency Requirements: Legal residency requirements encompass the rules governing living in Canada. Americans need to apply for the correct visa or residency status, such as a Temporary Resident Visa or an Express Entry program. Understanding the application process, as well as any residency restrictions, is vital for a smooth transition.

These factors can collectively influence the retirement experience for Americans in Canada. Evaluating each aspect will help ensure a rewarding and fulfilling retirement.

What Are the Tax Implications for American Retirees in Canada?

American retirees in Canada face various tax implications due to the interplay between U.S. and Canadian tax systems. These implications can influence their financial planning and decisions.

Key points on the tax implications for American retirees in Canada include:

U.S. citizenship and tax obligations
Canadian tax residency rules
Double taxation agreements
Social Security benefits taxation
Retirement account withdrawals
Capital gains tax treatment
Estate tax considerations

Understanding these points helps clarify the potential financial responsibilities American retirees may encounter while living in Canada.

U.S. Citizenship and Tax Obligations: U.S. citizens must file U.S. tax returns regardless of residence. The IRS requires reporting of global income, which could lead to tax liabilities while living in Canada, impacting retirees’ net income.
Canadian Tax Residency Rules: Retirees may become residents of Canada for tax purposes if they establish significant residential ties. Canadian residents pay taxes on worldwide income. This change in residency status can significantly affect their tax liabilities.
Double Taxation Agreements: The U.S. and Canada have a tax treaty that prevents double taxation on the same income. Retirees may benefit from certain credits, exemptions, or reductions on taxes owed in either country. This agreement can help navigate the tax system effectively.
Social Security Benefits Taxation: U.S. Social Security benefits are generally taxed by the U.S. However, under the tax treaty, retirees may not pay Canadian tax on these benefits. This provision can lead to financial savings for some retirees, depending on their total income level.
Retirement Account Withdrawals: Distributions from U.S. retirement accounts such as IRAs or 401(k)s are taxable in the U.S. However, they may also be subject to Canadian taxation when withdrawn. Managing withdrawals carefully can help minimize taxes owed.
Capital Gains Tax Treatment: Canadian residents pay capital gains taxes on profits from selling assets. U.S. citizens also need to report these gains to the IRS. The differing tax treatment can complicate financial strategies for managing investments.
Estate Tax Considerations: U.S. estate tax applies to the value of the assets owned by U.S. citizens at death. Retirees need to address their estate planning to mitigate potential tax burdens, especially since Canadian estate tax rules differ.

American retirees in Canada must navigate a complex web of tax regulations that arise from their dual obligations to both countries. Understanding these implications will aid in effective financial planning and compliance.

How Do Social Security Benefits Work When Living in Canada?

Social Security benefits can continue to provide payments to individuals living in Canada, but certain rules and conditions apply to maintain eligibility and ensure proper payment distribution.

Social Security benefits for U.S. citizens abroad work based on several key points:

Eligibility: American citizens who have worked and paid into Social Security can claim benefits regardless of their residency. They must meet the work credit requirements set by the Social Security Administration (SSA).
Payment Process: The SSA directly deposits payments into international bank accounts, including Canadian banks. Individuals must provide the necessary banking information to ensure prompt deposits.
Taxation: Social Security benefits may be subject to taxation. According to the IRS, U.S. citizens must report their worldwide income, including benefits received while living in Canada. However, Canada and the U.S. have a tax treaty that can help prevent double taxation.
Currency Exchange: Payments are made in U.S. dollars. Recipients may incur currency conversion fees when transferring payments into Canadian currency. Individuals should consider the current exchange rates and fees associated with conversions.
Health Insurance: Living in Canada does not automatically grant U.S. citizens access to Canadian health care. Social Security benefits do not cover health expenses. American retirees may need to secure private health insurance or continue using Medicare, which does not provide coverage outside the U.S.
Reporting Requirements: Beneficiaries must inform the SSA of any changes in their circumstances, such as a change in address or banking details. Failing to report these changes may affect benefit eligibility.

By understanding these aspects of Social Security benefits while living in Canada, individuals can better navigate the process and ensure continuous support.

Where Are the Best Cities for American Retirees in Canada?

The best cities for American retirees in Canada include Victoria, British Columbia; Kelowna, British Columbia; Toronto, Ontario; and Montreal, Quebec. These cities offer a high quality of life, pleasant climates, and access to healthcare.

Victoria provides a mild climate and beautiful coastal scenery. Kelowna features a sunny climate and abundant outdoor activities. Toronto offers cultural diversity and urban amenities. Montreal presents a vibrant arts scene and a lower cost of living compared to other major cities.

Retirees should consider factors such as cost of living, climate, healthcare access, and lifestyle preferences when choosing a city. Each of these cities meets the needs of retirees with good infrastructure and community support.

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