Traveling With Bear Spray: Essential TSA Regulations And Safety Guidelines [Updated On: September 2025]

You cannot travel with bear spray on commercial aircraft. It is a prohibited item in both carry-on luggage and checked baggage because most bear spray bottles exceed 4 ounces. You can ship bear spray to your destination or buy it when you arrive. Always review airline safety guidelines for hazardous materials before your flight.

Before traveling, confirm that the bear spray you possess meets local regulations at your destination. Some areas have restrictions on bear spray use, especially in urban environments. Additionally, store bear spray in a cool, dry place before your trip to maintain its effectiveness.

While bear spray can deter aggressive bears, it is crucial to understand its proper usage. Familiarize yourself with the instructions on the canister. Practice using it in a safe environment, so you’re prepared in an emergency.

Understanding TSA regulations and safety guidelines is vital. This preparation ensures safe and responsible travel. Next, we will explore proper bear spray usage techniques and tips for staying safe in bear country.

Table of Contents

Can You Travel with Bear Spray on a Plane?

No, you cannot travel with bear spray on a plane. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) prohibits bear spray in both carry-on and checked luggage.

Bear spray contains a pressurized canister of capsaicin, which is a chemical derived from chili peppers. Due to its flammable nature and potential as a weapon, airlines classify it as hazardous material. The United Nations also categorizes bear spray as a form of spray that may pose safety risks. Consequently, travelers must find alternative means of protection against bears when traveling by air.

What Are the TSA Regulations Regarding Bear Spray?

Traveling with bear spray is generally prohibited in both carry-on and checked luggage on commercial flights, according to TSA regulations.

TSA Prohibition on Bear Spray in Carry-On Luggage
TSA Allowance of Bear Spray in Checked Luggage with Conditions
State-Specific Regulations on Bear Spray Transportation
Alternative Personal Defense Options for Travelers

TSA regulations present specific guidelines around traveling with bear spray. These rules can vary by state and underline the importance of understanding both national and local laws.

TSA Prohibition on Bear Spray in Carry-On Luggage: The TSA prohibits bear spray completely in carry-on luggage. Bear spray is classified as a hazardous material due to its potential to incapacitate individuals. As such, it falls under restrictions that govern flammable and explosive materials.
TSA Allowance of Bear Spray in Checked Luggage with Conditions: The TSA allows bear spray in checked luggage under strict conditions. The canister must not exceed 4 ounces and must comply with specific labeling and packaging requirements. Travelers should also check with their airline for additional restrictions.
State-Specific Regulations on Bear Spray Transportation: Some states may have unique laws regarding the transportation and use of bear spray. For instance, while bear spray is legal in many national parks, it may be restricted or require permits in certain wildlife management areas. Travelers should research local regulations before bringing bear spray.
Alternative Personal Defense Options for Travelers: Some travelers opt for other personal defense items instead of bear spray, such as personal alarms or pocket knives, which may be more permissible under TSA regulations. These alternatives can still provide a sense of safety while adhering to travel guidelines.

Understanding these regulations is crucial for ensuring safe and compliant travel when nature encounters are a concern. It is advisable to stay informed about updates to TSA rules and local laws concerning bear spray ownership and use.

Is Bear Spray Allowed in Checked Baggage?

No, bear spray is not allowed in checked baggage according to TSA regulations. Bear spray is classified as a hazardous material. It contains compressed gas that could pose a risk during air travel. Therefore, it must be handled according to strict safety guidelines.

Bear spray is designed to deter aggressive bears using a powerful spray that creates a cloud of capsaicin, the active ingredient derived from chili peppers. Unlike general pepper spray, which is typically smaller and not used for animal deterrence, bear spray is formulated specifically to stop bear attacks. While both sprays contain similar components, bear spray has a higher concentration and a longer spray distance, making it more effective in ensuring safety during wildlife encounters.

One positive aspect of bear spray is its effectiveness at preventing bear attacks. According to a study by the University of Alberta, bear spray is 92% effective in stopping aggressive bear behaviors. This high success rate makes bear spray a valuable tool for campers and hikers in bear-populated areas. Additionally, bear spray is non-lethal, allowing people to protect themselves without harming wildlife.

Conversely, the negative aspect of bear spray lies in the restrictions for travel. Some individuals may find it challenging to obtain bear spray at their destination due to local regulations or supply issues. Additionally, when traveling without bear spray, individuals may feel less secure while in bear country. For instance, a report from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game highlights that many bear incidents occur due to inadequate safety measures.

To ensure safety while traveling in areas with bear populations, consider alternatives to bringing bear spray on flights. Purchase bear spray at your destination or check local retailers for availability. Additionally, research local regulations regarding bear spray use in your specific area. If you are unsure about the best options for staying safe in bear country, consult local wildlife agencies for guidance.

How Must Bear Spray Be Packaged in Checked Baggage?

Bear spray must be packaged properly when placed in checked baggage. First, ensure that the bear spray is less than 4 ounces in size. Next, the spray must be stored in its original container and remain fully sealed.

After this, place the bear spray in a sturdy, leak-proof bag. Use a durable plastic or zip-lock bag to contain any potential leaks. Additionally, you must declare the bear spray at the check-in counter. This step informs airline staff about its presence and helps them handle it safely.

Check the specific airline regulations, as they may have unique requirements regarding bear spray. Finally, always keep in mind that it is illegal to bring bear spray in carry-on luggage. This packaging process ensures compliance with safety regulations while traveling.

What Restrictions Exist for Carrying Bear Spray in Carry-On Luggage?

Traveling with bear spray in carry-on luggage generally faces strict restrictions. It is prohibited on commercial flights due to its classification as a hazardous material.

The main points regarding restrictions for carrying bear spray in carry-on luggage are as follows:
1. Prohibition on commercial flights
2. Classification as a hazardous material
3. Regulations may vary by airline
4. Possible exceptions for checked luggage
5. Recommendations for safe alternatives

The context surrounding these restrictions highlights varying perspectives on personal safety versus regulatory compliance.

Prohibition on Commercial Flights: The prohibition on carrying bear spray in carry-on luggage is mandated by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and other aviation authorities. This restriction applies to all commercial flights to ensure passenger safety and prevent potential incidents. Bear spray contains potent chemicals designed to deter bears, making it dangerous in confined spaces.
Classification as a Hazardous Material: Bear spray is classified as a hazardous material due to its contents, which often include flammable propellants and strong irritants. Regulatory bodies, like the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), enforce these classifications rigorously. For example, the FAA categorizes items that can cause harm or disruption during flights, leading to strict enforcement of these regulations.
Regulations May Vary by Airline: While TSA regulations apply universally, individual airlines may have additional rules regarding bear spray. Some airlines may allow bear spray as checked luggage but with specific quantity limits and packaging requirements. Travelers should always verify each airline’s policies before travel to avoid issues.
Possible Exceptions for Checked Luggage: While bear spray cannot be carried in the cabin, it may be permissible in checked luggage. Travelers need to secure the spray in compliance with airline regulations. For example, bear spray must often be packed to prevent accidental discharge, adhering to guidelines about hazardous materials in checked baggage.
Recommendations for Safe Alternatives: Travelers heading to bear country are often encouraged to consider alternatives to bear spray. Options may include training for bear encounters or using noise-making devices to deter wildlife. Some experts recommend carrying bear bells or air horns, which can serve as effective deterrents without the hazards associated with bear spray during air travel.

Understanding these restrictions is crucial for anyone planning to travel to bear habitats. Always prioritize passenger safety and adhere to travel regulations.

Are There Specific Size or Weight Limitations for Bear Spray in Carry-Ons?

Are There Specific Size or Weight Limitations for Bear Spray in Carry-Ons?

No, bear spray is not allowed in carry-on luggage. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) prohibits the transport of bear spray in the cabin of an aircraft due to its status as a hazardous material. Passengers should check the regulations of both airlines and airports, but bear spray is typically only permitted in checked baggage.

Bear spray canisters generally contain pressurized contents and are considered self-defense spray. While they share similarities with other aerosol products, bear spray differs in that it is designed for large animal deterring. Unlike common household aerosols, bear spray poses a higher risk due to its potency and range. Most airlines adhere to safety protocols that restrict these kinds of items in the cabin for the safety of all passengers and crew.

The primary benefit of bear spray is its effectiveness in deterring aggressive bears. According to the National Park Service, bear spray is up to 92% effective in preventing bear attacks. This high efficacy makes bear spray a preferred safety tool for outdoor enthusiasts in bear country. Carrying bear spray can greatly enhance your safety during hiking, camping, or other outdoor activities.

However, there are drawbacks to transporting bear spray. The primary concern is its potential to leak or discharge if not stored correctly. Additionally, there are varying regulations between jurisdictions regarding bear spray use. For instance, some areas may have restrictions on the size of the canister that can legally be carried or used, which could lead to confusion for travelers.

For individuals traveling with bear spray, the best practice is to pack it in checked luggage. Ensure that the canister is properly secured to prevent accidental discharge. Additionally, check with your airline for specific policies regarding the transportation of bear spray. Lastly, familiarize yourself with local regulations concerning the use of bear spray in the area you plan to visit.

How Should You Safely Pack Bear Spray for Travel?

To safely pack bear spray for travel, it is crucial to follow specific safety guidelines. Bear spray is a type of pepper spray designed to deter aggressive bears. Most bear spray containers are pressurized, making proper packaging essential for safety compliance during transportation.

First, check regulations for your travel method. Airlines typically require bear spray to be transported in checked baggage. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) prohibits bear spray in carry-on luggage. Confirm with your airline about weight limits as bear spray can weigh up to 10-14 ounces (300-400 grams).

Next, store bear spray upright in a hard-sided case to prevent accidental discharge. Use cushioning materials, such as bubble wrap or soft cloth, around the casing to absorb shocks. Ensure the safety clip or lock is securely in place to prevent unintentional spraying.

Additionally, keep the bear spray at room temperature during transit. Extreme temperatures can compromise the effectiveness of the spray. Avoid leaving it in a hot vehicle or high-altitude environments, where pressure variations might lead to leaks or ruptures.

For example, while driving through national parks, a traveler can secure bear spray in a designated area of their vehicle. They should ensure it remains upright, away from direct sunlight, and not in extreme cold to maintain its integrity.

Be aware of local laws regarding bear spray usage and possession. Some regions may have restrictions on the size or type allowed. Awareness of these regulations can help you avoid penalties.

In summary, to safely pack bear spray for travel, ensure it is in checked luggage, stored upright in a protective case, and kept at moderate temperatures. Check airline and local regulations to confirm compliance. Further exploration of bear safety best practices may enhance preparedness and reduce risks in bear country.

What Precautions Must You Take When Packing Bear Spray?

When packing bear spray, you must take specific precautions to ensure safety and compliance with regulations.

Check regulations: Research airline policies on bear spray beforehand.
Store properly: Keep bear spray in its original container with nozzle pointing away.
Secure inside luggage: Place bear spray in checked baggage, not carry-on.
Avoid temperature extremes: Do not expose bear spray to direct heat or cold.
Keep accessible: Ensure you can quickly access bear spray at your destination.
Inspect before travel: Verify that the spray is not past its expiration date.

Understanding these precautions highlights the importance of safety measures in wilderness activities.

Check Regulations: Checking regulations regarding bear spray is crucial. Airlines and countries have different policies, and oversight can lead to confiscation. For example, most U.S. airlines prohibit bear spray in carry-on luggage, and international regulations may differ. Failure to comply with these rules can result in fines or delays.
Store Properly: Storing bear spray properly ensures effective use and safety. The canister should remain in its original packaging, which includes safety caps. It’s vital to store the nozzle away from your body or any belongings to prevent accidental discharge. This safety measure becomes critical in preventing injury.
Secure Inside Luggage: Securing bear spray in checked luggage is essential. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) specifically states that hazardous materials, including bear spray, must not be in carry-on bags. Therefore, placing it securely in checked luggage minimizes risks during your journey.
Avoid Temperature Extremes: Avoiding temperature extremes when traveling with bear spray is necessary for functional integrity. Exposure to extreme heat can cause the canister to rupture, while extreme cold can diminish the spray’s effectiveness. Protecting the spray ensures reliability when needed.
Keep Accessible: Keeping bear spray accessible is vital for quick use if needed. When traveling to bear-populated areas, users should maintain easy access to the bear spray. This accessibility could mean having it stored in a place that is readily reachable when camping or hiking.
Inspect Before Travel: Inspecting bear spray before travel is an important precaution. Bear spray has a shelf life, typically around three years. Expired spray may not function properly in an emergency situation. Checking this element ensures that you have a reliable product when facing potential bear encounters.

Taking these precautions is paramount for both personal safety and regulatory compliance when traveling with bear spray.

What Guidelines Should You Follow When Traveling to Bear-Prone Areas?

When traveling to bear-prone areas, follow specific guidelines to ensure safety for yourself and wildlife.

Stay informed about bear behavior and habitats.
Make noise to avoid surprising bears.
Store food properly to deter bears.
Carry bear spray and know how to use it.
Travel in groups for increased safety.
Keep a safe distance if you encounter a bear.
Dispose of waste appropriately.
Report bear sightings to local authorities.

These guidelines showcase various perspectives on bear safety while emphasizing the importance of coexistence with wildlife. The next section will provide detailed explanations of each guideline.

1. Stay Informed About Bear Behavior and Habitats:

Staying informed about bear behavior and habitats is crucial for safety in bear-prone areas. Understanding how bears react to human presence helps prevent dangerous encounters. Knowledge of local bear populations, their active seasons, and common feeding areas can guide your activities. Resources like wildlife agencies provide updated information on bear activity in specific areas.

2. Make Noise to Avoid Surprising Bears:

Making noise while hiking is an effective way to avoid surprising bears. Loud voices or clapping can alert bears to your presence, allowing them to move away. According to a study by the National Park Service, most bear encounters occur when hikers are silent. Speaking or singing helps reduce unexpected encounters, promoting a safer experience in the wilderness.

3. Store Food Properly to Deter Bears:

Storing food properly deters bears from approaching campsites. Use bear-proof containers or hang food at least 10 feet off the ground and 4 feet away from tree trunks. The USDA Forest Service advises minimizing food scents by using odor-proof bags. Proper food storage protects both you and bears by preventing them from associating food with human presence.

4. Carry Bear Spray and Know How to Use It:

Carrying bear spray is essential when traveling in bear country. Bear spray is a specially formulated deterrent that can stop aggressive bear behavior. The International Journal of Wildlife Research recommends using bear spray as a first line of defense. Familiarize yourself with the usage instructions and practice aiming the spray in a safe environment.

5. Travel in Groups for Increased Safety:

Traveling in groups enhances safety when in bear-prone areas. Groups reduce the likelihood of individual encounters with bears. Research shows that bears are less likely to approach larger groups due to perceived risk. Hiking with others allows for shared vigilance and support if an encounter occurs.

6. Keep a Safe Distance if You Encounter a Bear:

Keeping a safe distance during a bear encounter is crucial for safety. The general guideline is to remain at least 100 yards away. The National Park Service advises observing bears without approaching. This minimizes stress on the bear and reduces risks for human safety. Remember, bears are unpredictable and can act defensively if they feel threatened.

7. Dispose of Waste Appropriately:

Disposing of waste appropriately prevents bears from being attracted to human areas. Use designated bear-proof trash containers when available. Pack out all trash and leftovers, following Leave No Trace principles. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) emphasizes that improper waste disposal is a leading cause of bear attractants and can lead to dangerous encounters.

8. Report Bear Sightings to Local Authorities:

Reporting bear sightings to local authorities is vital for community safety. It helps wildlife officials track bear populations and manage their habitats. Sharing information about bear encounters can prevent future incidents. Local wildlife agencies, like the Fish and Wildlife Service, often maintain records of bear sightings to enhance safety measures in bear habitats.

What Are the Local Laws About Carrying Bear Spray in Different States?

Carrying bear spray is legal in many states, but regulations vary. It is essential to check local laws before traveling with bear spray.

States where bear spray is legal with no restrictions:
– Alaska
– Wyoming
– Montana
– Idaho
– Washington
States that have specific regulations on bear spray:
– California: Must be labeled for size and contents.
– Oregon: Restricted in certain areas for non-residents.
States where bear spray is prohibited in some locations:
– National parks and wildlife refuges often have specific rules against bear spray use.
– Some urban areas may have restrictions.
Different perspectives and opinions:
– Proponents argue that bear spray is a safe deterrent to bear attacks.
– Critics point to misuse or over-reliance on bear spray in areas where it may not be effective.

Understanding bear spray laws facilitates safer outdoor experiences.

States where bear spray is legal with no restrictions:
States like Alaska, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, and Washington allow the carrying and use of bear spray without specific restrictions. These locations often have abundant bear populations. The regulatory environment lets outdoor enthusiasts carry bear spray as a preventive measure. As a precautionary tool, it is widely accepted due to its effectiveness in deterring aggressive bears.
States that have specific regulations on bear spray:
California requires bear spray to be labeled correctly, identifying size and contents. Oregon has rules that may restrict non-residents from carrying bear spray in specific areas. Such regulations aim to ensure user safety and the responsible use of bear spray. For example, in California, proper labeling helps users identify quality sprays statistically more effective.
States where bear spray is prohibited in some locations:
National parks and wildlife refuges often have rules prohibiting bear spray. Urban areas might also disallow them, often based on safety concerns. Visitors to national parks should check individual park regulations. For instance, Yosemite National Park emphasizes that while bear spray is helpful, improper use can cause reliance on it at inappropriate times.
Different perspectives and opinions:
Proponents of carrying bear spray claim it serves as a non-lethal deterrent. Studies show that it is effective in preventing bear attacks, with an effectiveness rate above 90% when used correctly, according to a 2012 survey by the Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee. Critics raise concerns about reliance on bear spray instead of proper bear-aware behaviors, arguing that education on wildlife encounters is equally vital. Balancing awareness and preparedness may enhance safety in bear country.

How Do You Check the Expiration Date of Your Bear Spray Before Traveling?

To check the expiration date of your bear spray before traveling, locate the date printed on the canister and ensure it is within the effective timeframe.

The key points to check are as follows:

Locate the expiration date: Bear spray typically has an expiration date printed on the bottom or back of the canister. This date indicates until when the spray is guaranteed to be effective. It is usually a few years from the date of manufacture.
Understand the significance of expiration: Expired bear spray may lose its potency, making it less effective during an encounter with a bear. According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (2019), effective bear spray can deter aggressive bears, but expired spray may fail to provide adequate protection.
Check for physical damage: Inspect the canister for any visible signs of damage, such as dents or rust. A compromised canister may not function properly, posing a safety risk. The National Park Service advises ensuring that the spray is in good condition before use.
Consult manufacturer guidelines: Each bear spray brand may have specific guidelines regarding usage and expiration. Review the instructions that come with the product. Many manufacturers provide detailed information on their websites regarding the lifespan of their products.
Plan ahead: If your bear spray is approaching its expiration date or is expired, purchase a new canister before traveling. This ensures you have an effective deterrent should you encounter wildlife. The Wilderness Society recommends always carrying current bear spray in bear-prone areas.

By following these steps, you can ensure your bear spray is ready for travel and effective for protection.

Why Is the Expiration Date Important for Bear Spray Safety?

The expiration date is important for bear spray safety because it ensures the product’s effectiveness and reliability during an emergency. Expired bear spray may not release enough aerosol or may fail to spray at all, putting users at greater risk.

According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), bear spray is considered an effective deterrent for human-bear encounters when used properly. The efficacy of bear spray is contingent on its proper formulation and functioning, which are guaranteed before the expiration date.

The underlying reasons for the importance of the expiration date include the potential degradation of chemical ingredients and pressurization loss over time. Bear spray contains capsaicin, the active ingredient that causes irritation and discomfort to bears. As the expiration date approaches, capsaicin concentration can diminish, weakening the spray’s intended effect.

Capsaicin is the chemical responsible for the heat in peppers, and it works by binding to pain receptors on the bear’s mucous membranes. When exposed, it causes a strong burning sensation, encouraging the bear to flee. If the formula degrades, the necessary concentration may not be achieved, thus reducing its effectiveness.

Specific conditions that contribute to the degradation include exposure to extreme temperatures, both hot and cold. For example, if bear spray is stored in a hot vehicle during the summer, it may lose potency. Alternatively, freezing conditions can also affect its components. This makes proper storage essential to maintain function until the expiration date.

In summary, the expiration date on bear spray is critical. It indicates when the product will be most effective and safe to use. Using expired bear spray can be dangerous due to potential reduced effectiveness, increasing the risk during a bear encounter. Always check the expiration date and store bear spray correctly to ensure optimal performance.

What Actions Should You Take If Bear Spray Is Prohibited on Your Flight?

If bear spray is prohibited on your flight, you should consider alternative options for your safety while traveling.

Leave bear spray at home.
Purchase bear spray at your destination.
Use alternative personal safety items.
Research the bear activity in your travel area.
Consult local wildlife authorities for recommendations.

Given the variety of experiences and perspectives regarding bear safety, understanding these options is crucial.

Leave Bear Spray at Home: Leaving bear spray at home prevents potential violations of airline regulations. Many airlines explicitly ban bear spray due to safety concerns. This means that any attempt to carry it on board could lead to confiscation and possible fines.
Purchase Bear Spray at Your Destination: Purchasing bear spray upon arrival can be a practical solution. Many outdoor and sporting goods stores in areas with bear activity sell bear spray. This allows travelers to have access to this safety tool without the hassle of transporting it through airports.
Use Alternative Personal Safety Items: In some cases, travelers might consider using alternative safety items. Personal alarms or noise-making devices can serve as a deterrent against wildlife encounters. However, these items might not offer the same level of protection as bear spray.
Research Bear Activity in Your Travel Area: Understanding the local bear activity is crucial. Travelers should check for bear sightings and behavior in the area they plan to visit. The National Park Service often provides updates on wildlife activity. Knowledge can significantly influence safety measures during outdoor excursions.
Consult Local Wildlife Authorities for Recommendations: Ready access to expert advice can be invaluable. Local wildlife authorities understand the regional dynamics of bear encounters. They can provide personalized advice for safely navigating the wilderness, including recommendations on timing and behavior to minimize risks.

By following these guidelines, travelers can maintain their safety and adhere to airline regulations regarding bear spray and other safety measures.

What Alternatives Are Available for Bear Safety When Traveling?

When traveling in bear country, several alternatives can enhance safety against bear encounters.

Bear spray
Noise-making devices
Electric fences
Food storage solutions
Group travel
Knowledge of bear behavior

Exploring these alternatives provides travelers with a comprehensive understanding of bear safety options.

Bear Spray:
Bear spray is a deterrent that effectively prevents aggressive bear encounters. It contains capsaicin, a substance derived from chili peppers, which interferes with a bear’s vision and senses. According to studies, bear spray is 90% effective in deterring bear attacks (Smith et al. 2008). The application is simple; just point and spray when the bear is within close range. Regular practice on how to use bear spray helps enhance its effectiveness in real situations.
Noise-Making Devices:
Noise-making devices include bells, whistles, and bear horns that alert bears of human presence. This preventive measure aims to reduce surprise encounters. Research shows that loud sounds can deter bears from coming too close (Heye et al. 2015). Carrying noise-makers while hiking or moving through bear territory is a simple yet effective way to enhance safety.
Electric Fences:
Electric fences can create a safe area for camping by deterring bears from entering. These fences deliver a mild shock that teaches wary bears to avoid the enclosed space. The National Park Service recommends electric fencing when camping in areas with high bear activity. Implementing such measures provides travelers the peace of mind needed during outdoor adventures.
Food Storage Solutions:
Proper food storage is critical in bear country. Using bear-resistant containers or hanging food in specified bear hangs prevents bears from being attracted to campsites. According to the Grizzly Bear Outreach Project, nearly 70% of bear encounters on trails stem from food attractants. Following proper storage guidelines is essential for minimizing risks.
Group Travel:
Traveling in groups reduces the likelihood of bear encounters. Bears are unlikely to approach larger groups due to increased noise and movement. Studies show that the presence of multiple people decreases the chance of bear-related incidents (Sullivan, 2010). Group dynamics not only provide safety but also enhance the overall experience in the wilderness.
Knowledge of Bear Behavior:
Understanding bear behavior can significantly enhance safety. Recognizing signs of bear presence or understanding how to react in specific situations can be lifesaving. Knowledgeable travelers can identify bear habitats and their activity patterns. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game emphasizes that education regarding bear behavior is key in preventing negative encounters.

These alternatives offer travelers effective strategies to ensure safety when encountering bears in the wild.

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