Portugal has a subtropical oceanic climate year-round. Winters are mild with average temperatures around 10°C (50°F). Summers are warm, averaging 24°C (75°F). The country experiences sunny and rainy days, with about 300 days of sunshine annually. The best months to visit are May to October, perfect for outdoor enthusiasts.
In spring, which spans from March to May, temperatures gradually increase. March typically sees temperatures around 16°C (61°F), while May can reach 24°C (75°F). Rainfall is moderate, making it a pleasant time for outdoor activities. Summer, from June to August, is hot and dry. July often records peak temperatures above 30°C. Coastal areas benefit from cooler breezes.
Autumn, occurring from September to November, brings gradual cooling and increasing rainfall. September averages 25°C (77°F) but drops to about 16°C (61°F) in November. Winter, from December to February, is mild, particularly in southern regions. In Lisbon, January temperatures average around 10°C (50°F), with occasional rain.
Understanding the climate in Portugal year round is essential for planning visits. With this overview, we can now explore specific regional climate variations, which greatly influence activities and experiences throughout the country.
What Is the General Climate in Portugal Year Round?
The general climate in Portugal is characterized by mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. According to the Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), the climate varies from a Mediterranean climate in the mainland to a more oceanic climate in the north.
The IPMA defines these climatic features, noting the annual average temperatures range from 10°C to 20°C. Temperature varies greatly based on geographic location, with the coastal areas typically experiencing milder weather than the inland regions. Rainfall is more concentrated in the winter months while summer remains predominantly dry.
Seasonal variations include warm springs and autumns, with temperatures averaging from 15°C to 28°C. The northern regions receive more precipitation and have cooler temperatures while the southern regions, such as the Algarve, experience higher temperatures and less rainfall.
Factors contributing to Portugal’s climate include its geographical location, the Atlantic Ocean’s influence, and surrounding mountain ranges. The ocean moderates temperatures, keeping them from extreme variations, while mountains can create rain shadows and affect wind patterns.
The average annual rainfall in Portugal is about 600-1,600 mm depending on the region, with the northern areas receiving significantly more. Future climate projections suggest potential increases in temperature and variations in precipitation patterns, affecting agriculture and resource management.
Portugal’s climate impacts agriculture, energy consumption, and tourism sectors. Warmer temperatures may enhance the wine industry but could also stress water resources for crops.
Health consequences may arise, such as heat-related illnesses. Ecosystems could face pressures, leading to a decline in biodiversity and habitat changes. For example, increased drought conditions may impact forest health and increase wildfire risks.
The Portuguese government advocates for sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop diversification and improved irrigation systems. Adaptation measures include expanding green spaces and increasing investment in water resource management.
Strategies include implementing rainwater harvesting systems and educating citizens about climate resilience. Experts recommend enhancing energy efficiency and renewable energy integration to combat climate-related challenges.
What Are the Average Monthly Temperatures in Portugal?
The average monthly temperatures in Portugal vary by region and season. Generally, the coastal areas enjoy mild winters and warm summers, while the interior regions experience more extreme temperatures.
- Coastal Region Temperatures
- Interior Region Temperatures
- Seasonal Variations
- Influence of Altitude
- Impact of Ocean Currents
The diverse climates in Portugal result from various geographical and environmental factors. Each aspect plays a critical role in determining the average temperatures throughout the year.
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Coastal Region Temperatures:
Coastal region temperatures in Portugal reflect the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. These areas have average monthly temperatures ranging from 8°C (46°F) in January to 25°C (77°F) in July and August. Lisbon, for example, typically experiences mild winters and warm summers, contributing to its popularity for tourism. -
Interior Region Temperatures:
Interior region temperatures in Portugal differ significantly from the coast. Average winter temperatures can drop to around 3°C (37°F) in January, while summer temperatures can soar to 35°C (95°F) in places like Évora and Beja. These more extreme temperatures are attributed to the continental climate effects. -
Seasonal Variations:
Seasonal variations affect temperatures across Portugal. Winter months (December to February) generally bring cooler temperatures, while spring (March to May) and fall (September to November) see gradual warming and cooling. Summer (June to August) is characterized by hot weather, particularly in the interior regions. -
Influence of Altitude:
The influence of altitude plays a role in temperature differences throughout Portugal. Areas at higher elevations, such as Serra da Estrela, may experience cooler temperatures year-round, even amid hot summers. For instance, this mountainous region can observe winter snow, while the lowlands remain mild. -
Impact of Ocean Currents:
The impact of ocean currents, specifically the warm Gulf Stream, contributes to milder winters along the coastal areas. The Atlantic Ocean’s influence results in moderate temperatures and less temperature fluctuation compared to interior regions. These conditions create a pleasant climate conducive to agriculture and tourism.
Overall, Portugal’s climate showcases a range of temperatures influenced by geographical location, altitude, and ocean currents, providing a unique experience for residents and visitors alike.
How Do Winter Temperatures in Portugal Affect Travel Plans?
Winter temperatures in Portugal can substantially influence travel plans due to variations in weather conditions, tourist activities, and local infrastructure.
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Weather conditions: Winter months in Portugal, typically from December to February, bring milder temperatures compared to many northern European countries. Average daily temperatures range from 8°C to 15°C (46°F to 59°F) in coastal areas, making it a favorable destination for travelers seeking a break from colder climates. However, rainfall is common, with December often being the wettest month. Travelers should be prepared for possible wet weather which can impact outdoor plans.
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Tourist activities: Winter significantly changes the range of available activities. While summer is ideal for beach trips, winter offers opportunities for cultural exploration, wine tours, and festivals. For example, festivals such as the Lisbon Christmas Market attract visitors with local crafts and traditional foods. Additionally, the Algarve region has fewer tourists, allowing for a more relaxed experience.
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Local infrastructure: Winter temperatures can also impact local infrastructure and services. Although Portugal has a generally mild winter, occasional frosty nights can occur, particularly in inland areas. This may affect transportation options, such as train services or road travel in mountainous regions. Travelers should check local conditions and allow extra time for travel when plans might be affected by winter weather.
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Accommodation and pricing: Winter is considered off-peak season in Portugal, resulting in lower accommodation prices. Travelers can take advantage of better deals on hotels and services. Booking during this season can lead to significant savings, making it an appealing time for budget-conscious travelers.
These factors highlight the importance of considering winter temperatures in Portugal when planning travel. They can affect not only the comfort and feasibility of outdoor activities but also the overall travel experience.
What Should Visitors Expect from Spring Temperatures in Portugal?
Visitors to Portugal in spring can expect mild temperatures that range from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). The weather is generally pleasant, making it an ideal time for outdoor activities.
- Temperature Range:
- Sunshine Duration:
- Rainfall Patterns:
- Regional Variations:
- Popular Activities:
Considering these factors, it is crucial to understand how they contribute to the spring experience in Portugal.
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Temperature Range:
The temperature range in spring spans from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F). In April, the average temperature is around 17°C (63°F), while in May, it can reach approximately 20°C (68°F). This pleasant warmth allows for comfortable exploration of cities and countryside. -
Sunshine Duration:
Portugal experiences about 8 to 10 hours of sunshine daily in spring. The increased daylight encourages outdoor events, festivals, and sightseeing. For example, the famous flower festival in Madeira showcases the vibrant spring colors and attracts numerous visitors. -
Rainfall Patterns:
Spring typically sees moderate rainfall, averaging around 40-70 mm per month. April tends to be slightly wetter, but showers often occur in short bursts. This rainfall supports the lush landscapes and vibrant flora, creating picturesque settings for visitors. -
Regional Variations:
Different regions in Portugal exhibit distinct spring weather. Coastal areas like Lisbon experience milder temperatures, while inland locations like Alentejo may be warmer. The north, including Porto, can be cooler and wetter than the sunny south, offering varying experiences throughout the country. -
Popular Activities:
Spring offers numerous activities, including hiking, sightseeing, and enjoying local festivals. The pleasant weather encourages visitors to explore historical sites, attend wine tastings, or enjoy the blooming gardens. The Algarve’s beaches also begin to attract visitors as the season progresses.
This blend of weather factors in spring makes Portugal an attractive destination for travelers seeking a mild climate and cultural experiences.
How Hot Do Summer Days Typically Get in Portugal?
Summer days in Portugal typically get hot. Average temperatures in July and August reach around 30°C (86°F) to 35°C (95°F) in many regions. Coastal areas, such as Lisbon and Porto, often experience milder temperatures due to ocean breezes. Inland areas, like Alentejo, can see temperatures soaring above 40°C (104°F) during heatwaves. Nighttime temperatures usually remain warm, ranging from 15°C (59°F) to 25°C (77°F). This combination creates a distinct summer climate that attracts many visitors.
What Are the Average Fall Temperatures in Portugal?
The average fall temperatures in Portugal range from 15°C to 25°C (59°F to 77°F), depending on the region.
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Regional Variations:
– Northern Portugal
– Central Portugal
– Southern Portugal (Algarve) -
Influencing Geographic Factors:
– Proximity to the Atlantic Ocean
– Elevation and mountain ranges
– Urban versus rural areas -
Seasonal Transition:
– Early fall (September)
– Mid fall (October)
– Late fall (November)
The differences in regional climate and geographic factors contribute significantly to the average fall temperatures in Portugal.
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Regional Variations:
Regional variations in Portugal affect fall temperatures considerably. Northern Portugal generally experiences cooler temperatures, averaging around 15°C (59°F). This cooler climate results from higher elevations and proximity to the mountains. Central Portugal, including cities like Lisbon, enjoys moderate fall temperatures of approximately 20°C (68°F). In contrast, Southern Portugal, particularly the Algarve region, sees the warmest fall temperatures, reaching up to 25°C (77°F). -
Influencing Geographic Factors:
Geographic factors play a crucial role in determining fall temperatures. The Atlantic Ocean influences coastal areas, moderating temperature fluctuations and providing a milder climate. Areas further inland tend to experience more significant temperature variations due to elevation and lack of oceanic influence. Additionally, urban areas can be warmer than surrounding rural regions due to the urban heat island effect, where human activities and infrastructure raise local temperatures. -
Seasonal Transition:
The transition through fall shows distinct temperature patterns. Early fall in September is often warm, with temperatures above 23°C (73°F). Mid-fall in October sees a slight decline, with averages around 20°C (68°F). By late fall in November, temperatures drop further to approximately 15°C (59°F). This transition highlights the gradual cooling as winter approaches, impacting weather patterns and daily life. The Portuguese National Institute of Meteorology notes these trends and emphasizes their implications for agriculture and tourism.
How Does Rainfall Vary Across the Seasons in Portugal?
Rainfall in Portugal varies significantly across the seasons. During the winter months, from December to February, rainfall increases considerably. This season often sees the highest precipitation levels, with heavy rainstorms occurring frequently. The wettest regions, such as the north and mountainous areas, experience more intense rainfall during this time.
In spring, from March to May, rainfall starts to decrease. Days become warmer and drier, although showers still occur, particularly in March.
Summer, from June to August, is typically dry and warm. Rainfall during these months is minimal, especially in the southern areas like the Algarve. This dry period dominates the season, creating warm, sunny conditions.
In autumn, from September to November, rainfall begins to rise again. September may still experience some summer-like weather, but conditions become wetter and cooler as the season progresses.
Overall, Portugal’s rainfall patterns reflect a clear seasonal cycle, with winter being the wettest season and summer the driest.
What Is the Winter Rainfall Pattern in Different Regions of Portugal?
The winter rainfall pattern in Portugal varies significantly by region, characterized by a Mediterranean climate. This climate features wet winters with concentrated precipitation, primarily between November and March, especially in the northern parts of the country.
The Portuguese Meteorological Institute describes this winter rainfall pattern as crucial for replenishing water resources. According to the institute, the northern regions can receive over 1,200 mm of rainfall, while the southern areas may average only 350 mm annually.
In northern Portugal, rainfall is often heavier due to Atlantic influences, leading to lush landscapes. In contrast, southern Portugal, particularly the Algarve region, experiences a drier climate with sporadic rainfall and mild winters. The Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas notes that these variations affect biodiversity and agricultural practices throughout the country.
Factors influencing this rainfall pattern include geographic features, ocean currents, and prevailing winds. The Atlantic Ocean plays a significant role in determining local weather conditions, while elevation can lead to orographic rainfall in mountainous regions.
Statistics from the European Environment Agency show that average winter rainfall in Portugal has decreased by about 10% over the past three decades. Projections suggest that this trend may continue, influencing water availability and agricultural productivity.
The impacts of changing winter rainfall patterns include increased drought risk, affecting water supply and agriculture. These changes may lead to higher costs for irrigation and water management.
Health, environmental, social, and economic dimensions are affected, with potential water shortages leading to food insecurity and increased unemployment in agriculture.
Specific examples include reduced crop yields in southern regions and increased water restrictions. These consequences highlight the need for effective management practices.
Possible solutions include promoting sustainable agriculture and enhancing water conservation measures. The World Wildlife Fund recommends integrating climate resilience into agricultural planning to ensure food security.
Strategies such as rainwater harvesting, smart irrigation technologies, and improved watershed management can help mitigate the impacts of changing rainfall patterns on agriculture and communities.
How Much Rain Can Be Expected in Spring in Portugal?
In spring, Portugal typically sees rainfall of about 60 to 100 millimeters (2.4 to 4 inches) per month, varying by region. Northern areas, such as Porto, often experience more rain, while southern regions, like the Algarve, receive less.
The variation in precipitation is mainly due to geography. The north, with its mountainous terrain, experiences more rainfall due to orographic lift, where moist air rises and cools, causing rain. For instance, Porto may receive around 120 millimeters (4.7 inches) of rain in April, while Faro in the Algarve may only get about 30 millimeters (1.2 inches).
Other factors also influence spring rainfall. Climate change can lead to shifts in weather patterns, potentially causing drier or wetter springs. Urbanization may also affect local weather, making cities warmer and possibly altering rainfall distribution.
In summary, spring rainfall in Portugal ranges from 60 to 100 millimeters monthly, depending on the region. The north is wetter than the south, and external factors may further influence these patterns. For more detailed insights, consider researching specific monthly averages for different cities or examining broader climate trends.
What Is Summer Rainfall Like in Coastal vs. Inland Areas?
Summer rainfall refers to the precipitation that occurs during the summer months. This rainfall can vary significantly between coastal and inland areas. Coastal areas typically experience more consistent and heavier rainfall due to proximity to the ocean, while inland areas may have intermittent and less predictable rainfall patterns.
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), coastal regions have a distinct climate influenced by maritime effects, leading to higher humidity and more frequent rainfall. This data highlights the climatic variations due to geographic location.
Summer rainfall includes factors such as temperature, humidity, and wind patterns. Coastal areas benefit from moisture-laden winds that contribute to higher precipitation levels. In contrast, inland areas often experience more extreme temperatures, leading to less humid conditions that reduce rainfall frequency.
The World Meteorological Organization defines precipitation patterns, noting that local geography, elevation, and seasonal shifts contribute significantly to these differences. Coastal regions usually enjoy a moderate climate that supports more steady rainfall.
Key factors influencing summer rainfall include ocean currents, prevailing winds, and local topography. For instance, warm ocean currents can enhance moisture levels, while mountains may block or redirect wind flows, affecting local rainfall patterns.
Statistical data from the Environmental Protection Agency shows that coastal areas receive an average of 50 inches of rainfall annually, compared to 20-30 inches in many inland regions. Projections for climate change suggest increasing variability in rainfall patterns in both regions.
These rainfall patterns impact agriculture, water supply, and ecosystems. Coastal areas may benefit from more reliable water sources, while inland areas may suffer from drought occurrences.
Socially and economically, the consequences of varying rainfall can lead to disparities in agricultural productivity. Coastal regions might support diverse crops, while inland farmers may face challenges, such as crop failure.
For effective management of rainfall differences, experts recommend implementing adaptive agricultural practices. These include crop rotation and drought-resistant varieties as strategies to enhance resilience.
Investing in water conservation technologies, such as rainwater harvesting systems and improved irrigation methods, can further mitigate the challenges posed by varying summer rainfall patterns.
What Are the Trends in Fall Rainfall Across Portugal?
Fall rainfall trends across Portugal indicate an increase in variability and intensity, influenced by climate change and local geographical factors.
- Increased Rainfall Variability
- Regional Differences
- Climate Change Impact
- Agricultural Implications
- Flood Risks
In examining these trends, various perspectives provide a deeper understanding of how fall rainfall affects different aspects of life in Portugal.
- Increased Rainfall Variability: Increased rainfall variability refers to the inconsistency and unpredictability of rainfall amounts during the fall season. This trend poses challenges for water management and agricultural planning.
According to a study by Pedro C. Pereira et al. (2020), rainfall variability has risen by approximately 20% in certain regions of Portugal over the last few decades. This means that while some years witness unusually high rainfall, others may record drought-like conditions. The consequences of this fluctuation impact the availability of water resources.
- Regional Differences: Regional differences highlight how various parts of Portugal experience distinct rainfall patterns. Coastal regions often receive more precipitation than inland areas.
A report by the Portuguese Institute of Meteorology (IPMA) in 2021 indicates that northern Portugal receives up to 1,800 mm of rain annually, while southern regions may only get around 600 mm. These differences influence agriculture, infrastructure resilience, and water supply.
- Climate Change Impact: Climate change impact underscores the role that global warming plays in altering precipitation patterns. Higher temperatures can lead to more intense rainfall and fluctuating weather conditions.
A 2022 study from Climate and Atmospheric Science found that climate change in Portugal may increase fall rainfall by 10-15% over the next few decades. This shift could exacerbate flooding and affect ecosystems and water management strategies.
- Agricultural Implications: Agricultural implications discuss how changes in fall rainfall patterns affect crop yields and farming practices. Farmers must adapt to the unpredictability of rainfall to ensure successful harvests.
Research by the Agro-food Industry survey in 2022 revealed that irregular rainfall leads to reduced yields for crops such as olives and grapes. Farmers report needing to invest in irrigation systems and drought-resistant crop varieties.
- Flood Risks: Flood risks refer to the dangers posed by increased intensity and frequency of rainfall events in the fall season. These risks threaten both rural and urban areas.
The European Environment Agency (EEA) reported in 2023 that urban flooding incidences in Portuguese cities have increased by 30% due to intense fall rains. Infrastructure planning must account for these risks to protect communities and resources effectively.
How Does the Climate Differ Between Regions in Portugal?
The climate in Portugal differs significantly between regions due to geographical factors. The north has a temperate maritime climate. This region experiences cooler temperatures and higher rainfall. The central interior showcases a continental climate. It has hot, dry summers and cold winters. The southern part of Portugal, particularly the Algarve, has a Mediterranean climate. This region enjoys hot, sunny summers and mild winters.
The distinct climatic conditions arise from altitude, proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, and prevailing winds. Coastal areas tend to be milder due to ocean influences. Inland areas experience more temperature extremes due to their distance from the ocean. Each region’s climate impacts agriculture, tourism, and daily life.
In summary, Portugal’s diverse climate varies from the cool, wet north to the hot and dry south. The central region sees significant seasonal temperature changes. Understanding these differences can help in planning travel and outdoor activities.
What Are the Climate Characteristics of Northern Portugal?
The climate characteristics of Northern Portugal are characterized by a diverse range of conditions, mainly influenced by its geographical features and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. This region experiences a temperate maritime climate, marked by mild winters and warm summers.
Key climate characteristics of Northern Portugal include:
1. Mild winters
2. Warm summers
3. High precipitation
4. Oceanic influence
5. Microclimates
6. Temperature variation
The following sections will provide a detailed explanation of each climate characteristic in Northern Portugal.
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Mild Winters: In Northern Portugal, winters are relatively mild compared to other regions in Europe. Average temperatures during the winter months (December to February) generally range from 5°C to 15°C. The oceanic climate means that the temperature fluctuations are less extreme, creating a comfortable winter season.
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Warm Summers: Summers in Northern Portugal can be warm, with average temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C between June and August. Coastal areas may enjoy cooler breezes, while inland regions experience higher temperatures. The warm summer conditions are ideal for agriculture, especially wine production.
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High Precipitation: Northern Portugal sees significant rainfall, particularly in the winter months. Annual precipitation averages around 1,200 to 2,000 mm, concentrated primarily between October and April. This high level of rainfall contributes to lush vegetation and vibrant ecosystems in the region.
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Oceanic Influence: The Atlantic Ocean has a profound impact on the climate of Northern Portugal. Ocean currents moderate temperatures and provide moisture. This influence creates stable weather patterns and contributes to the region’s biodiversity.
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Microclimates: Northern Portugal features various microclimates due to its diverse geography. For example, areas close to the coast experience milder conditions than those located at higher elevations like the Serra da Estrela mountains. These microclimates support different ecosystems and agricultural practices.
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Temperature Variation: There is notable temperature variation between coastal and inland areas. Coastal regions benefit from the temperate climate, while inland areas can experience more extreme temperatures. This variation can affect local agricultural cycles and water resource management.
These climate characteristics create a unique and varied environment in Northern Portugal, influencing local culture, agriculture, and lifestyle.
How Does Central Portugal’s Climate Compare to the South?
Central Portugal’s climate differs from the south primarily in temperature and precipitation. Central Portugal experiences a continental climate with cooler winters and warmer summers. Rainfall is more abundant in the central regions, especially during autumn and spring. In contrast, southern Portugal has a Mediterranean climate. This area features milder winters and hotter, drier summers. The southern region receives less rainfall overall. The temperature range in central Portugal is broader, while southern Portugal enjoys more consistent warmth throughout the year. In summary, central Portugal is cooler and wetter, while southern Portugal is warmer and drier.
Why Is the Southern Coast of Portugal Different Climatically?
The southern coast of Portugal has a distinct climate due to its geographical features and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. This region experiences a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters.
According to the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, a Mediterranean climate is typically defined by seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation patterns.
The primary reasons for the climatic differences on the southern coast include its position relative to the ocean, topographical features, and prevailing winds. The Atlantic Ocean moderates temperatures, preventing extreme heat in summer and chill in winter. Additionally, the nearby mountains create a rain shadow effect. This phenomenon occurs when mountains block moist air from reaching certain areas, resulting in less rainfall on the southern coast.
Key terms to understand include:
– Mediterranean Climate: A climate featuring warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters.
– Rain Shadow Effect: A geographical phenomenon where one side of a mountain receives significantly less precipitation than the other.
The mechanisms involve ocean currents and atmospheric patterns. The North Atlantic Drift, a warm ocean current, influences the southern coast, bringing warmer temperatures. Similarly, the prevailing westerly winds transport moist air over the ocean, which then loses moisture when it encounters the hills inland.
Specific conditions contributing to the climate include seasonal variations. For example:
– Summer Conditions: During summer, high pressure systems dominate, leading to long periods of sunshine and limited rainfall.
– Winter Conditions: In winter, low pressure systems can bring rain, but the effect is less intense due to the protective mountains.
These factors collectively create the unique climate of the southern coast of Portugal, making it attractive for agriculture and tourism.
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