Is Jacksonville A Good Place To Live? Pros, Cons, And Essential Insights [Updated On: September 2025]

Jacksonville, Florida, is a great place to live. It has a lower cost of living than other major Florida cities. Residents enjoy outdoor recreation and a strong economy with good job opportunities. The community is welcoming, and there are many amenities. The warm climate features fewer distinct seasons, which some may find appealing or limiting.

Another advantage is the thriving job market. Jacksonville hosts several large companies, offering numerous employment opportunities, particularly in finance, healthcare, and logistics. Additionally, the city’s warm climate provides pleasant weather most of the year, encouraging outdoor activities.

However, there are some cons to living in Jacksonville. The public transportation system is limited, making it difficult for residents without cars. Traffic congestion can also be a challenge during peak hours. Moreover, some areas may experience high crime rates, which can impact security perceptions.

In summary, Jacksonville can be both a good and challenging place to live, depending on individual preferences. Understanding these pros and cons can help potential residents make informed decisions about relocation. Next, we will explore specific neighborhoods in Jacksonville to assess their unique features and livability.

Table of Contents

What Are the Key Advantages of Living in Jacksonville?

Living in Jacksonville offers several key advantages, including affordable living, a vibrant culture, and access to natural beauty.

Affordable Living
Vibrant Culture
Access to Natural Beauty
Strong Job Market
Mild Climate

The advantages of each attribute paint a comprehensive picture of life in Jacksonville, offering various perspectives on its benefits.

Affordable Living: Affordable living refers to the relatively low cost of housing and general expenses in Jacksonville. According to Zillow, the median home price in Jacksonville is significantly lower than the national average, making it accessible for many families. The cost of living index shows that housing, food, and transportation expenses are also lower than in many other large U.S. cities. This affordability allows residents to enjoy a better quality of life while saving for future goals.
Vibrant Culture: A vibrant culture encompasses the diverse arts, music, and culinary scenes in Jacksonville. The city hosts numerous festivals and events throughout the year, such as the Jacksonville Jazz Festival. Local galleries and theaters, like the Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville, highlight the city’s commitment to art and creativity. This cultural diversity fosters a sense of community and offers residents various entertainment and dining options.
Access to Natural Beauty: Access to natural beauty includes the proximity to stunning beaches, parks, and waterways. Jacksonville boasts over 22 miles of beautiful coastline, with beaches like Jacksonville Beach and Neptune Beach. Additionally, the city features numerous parks, such as the expansive Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, which provides outdoor recreational opportunities. These natural spaces offer residents the chance to engage in activities like hiking, biking, and fishing, promoting a healthy lifestyle.
Strong Job Market: A strong job market indicates a variety of employment opportunities in Jacksonville. The city has seen growth in sectors like healthcare, finance, and technology. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the unemployment rate in Jacksonville remains consistently lower than the national average. Major companies, including JPMorgan Chase and CSX Corporation, have significant operations in the area, providing stable jobs for residents.
Mild Climate: A mild climate refers to the warm weather experienced year-round in Jacksonville. With an average high temperature ranging from the mid-60s in winter to the low 90s in summer, residents enjoy a temperate climate that allows for year-round outdoor activities. This pleasant weather attracts individuals looking for a comfortable living environment without harsh winters.

Overall, Jacksonville offers distinct advantages that cater to diverse living preferences, allowing individuals and families to thrive within the city.

How Affordable Is Jacksonville Compared to Other Major Cities?

Jacksonville is generally more affordable compared to many other major cities in the United States. The cost of living in Jacksonville is lower than in cities like New York, Los Angeles, and Seattle. Housing costs in Jacksonville are notably more reasonable, allowing residents to find spacious homes for less money. Transportation and utility costs are also typically lower than in other urban areas. Groceries and healthcare expenses remain relatively comparable to national averages, which contributes to the overall affordability. This combination of lower housing expenses and reasonable living costs makes Jacksonville an attractive option for individuals and families seeking more value for their money.

What Recreational Activities Can You Enjoy in Jacksonville?

Jacksonville offers a variety of recreational activities for residents and visitors. These activities range from outdoor adventures to cultural experiences.

Parks and Nature Trails
Beaches and Water Sports
Arts and Cultural Events
Sports and Fitness Activities
Fishing and Boating
Golf Courses
Family-Friendly Attractions

Transitioning from the list, it’s important to explore each of these activities in detail to understand Jacksonville’s recreational options.

Parks and Nature Trails: Jacksonville provides numerous parks and nature trails for outdoor enthusiasts. The city’s extensive park system includes places like the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, offering hiking and wildlife observation opportunities. A 2021 study from the National Recreation and Park Association found that urban parks significantly enhance community health and well-being.
Beaches and Water Sports: Jacksonville’s coastline features beautiful beaches such as Jacksonville Beach and Neptune Beach. Residents can engage in various water sports like surfing, paddleboarding, and jet skiing. According to local tourism data, water activities contribute significantly to the local economy and attract visitors throughout the year.
Arts and Cultural Events: The city’s vibrant arts scene includes the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Jacksonville Symphony. Events like Art Walk and the Jacksonville Jazz Festival showcase local talent and draw large crowds. A survey by the Cultural Council of Greater Jacksonville highlighted that cultural experiences increase community pride and engagement.
Sports and Fitness Activities: Sports fans can enjoy professional teams, including the Jacksonville Jaguars (NFL) and the Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp (MiLB). Various fitness programs and community sports leagues encourage participation in healthy activities. Research indicates that community sports programs can enhance social cohesion among participants.
Fishing and Boating: With the St. Johns River running through the city, fishing and boating are popular recreational activities. Local charters and boat rental services offer fishing expeditions and sailing opportunities. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission reported that recreational fishing greatly impacts Florida’s economy, generating billions yearly.
Golf Courses: Jacksonville features numerous golf courses, appealing to both beginners and experienced players. Courses like TPC Sawgrass host major golf tournaments and offer picturesque settings. Data from the National Golf Foundation indicates that golf contributes significantly to the local economy through tourism and memberships.
Family-Friendly Attractions: Family-oriented activities include visits to the Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens and Adventure Landing. These attractions promote family bonding and entertainment. A report by the International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions found that family-friendly destinations are pivotal for community tourism.

Overall, Jacksonville provides diverse activities that cater to different interests, making it a vibrant recreational hub.

How Do Job Opportunities in Jacksonville Compare to Other Locations?

Job opportunities in Jacksonville, Florida, generally provide a diverse range of options but can vary significantly when compared to other locations across the United States. The following key points explain the differences:

Job Growth: Jacksonville has experienced steady job growth, with a rate of approximately 2.5% annually from 2018 to 2023 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023). In comparison, cities like Austin, Texas, have seen growth rates of around 3.5% during the same period.
Industry Diversification: Jacksonville boasts a variety of industries, including healthcare, logistics, and finance. This diversification provides stability against economic fluctuations. For example, healthcare is a significant sector in Jacksonville, accounting for about 12% of employment, compared to less than 10% in cities like Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where industry concentration is narrower.
Median Salary: The median salary in Jacksonville is approximately $50,000 per year (U.S. Census Bureau, 2023). This figure is lower than the national average, which sits around $60,000. In contrast, high-demand areas such as Silicon Valley report much higher averages above $100,000, reflecting stronger job competition and a higher cost of living.
Cost of Living: Jacksonville features a relatively low cost of living, which enhances its attractiveness for job seekers. The cost of living index in Jacksonville is around 92.5, compared to the national average of 100 (Numbeo, 2023). In comparison, cities like New York have an index above 187, making them significantly more expensive.
Unemployment Rate: Jacksonville’s unemployment rate is currently at 3.3%, which mirrors the national average (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023). Major cities like Chicago experience higher rates, exceeding 5%, which can indicate fewer job opportunities.
Quality of Life: The quality of life in Jacksonville is enhanced by recreational options, a mild climate, and a growing economy. Factors such as affordable housing and family-friendly environments make it appealing. In contrast, cities like Los Angeles face challenges related to traffic congestion and higher living costs.

In summary, job opportunities in Jacksonville are characterized by steady growth and a diverse job market but may offer lower salaries compared to more expensive, high-demand markets. Overall, Jacksonville’s low cost of living and favorable unemployment rates create an attractive environment for job seekers.

What Are the Common Disadvantages of Living in Jacksonville?

Living in Jacksonville has several common disadvantages. These include:

Limited public transportation options
High humidity and heat
Traffic congestion
Crime rates in certain areas
Lack of cultural activities
Vulnerability to hurricanes

To better understand these disadvantages, let’s delve into each point in detail.

Limited Public Transportation Options: Jacksonville’s public transportation system is not extensive. The city relies heavily on personal vehicles for commuting, which can be inconvenient for residents without access to a car. According to a 2021 report from the American Public Transportation Association, Jacksonville ranks low among large cities for public transit availability and ridership.
High Humidity and Heat: Jacksonville experiences a humid subtropical climate, characterized by hot, sticky summers and mild winters. For some residents, this weather can be uncomfortable. The average summer temperatures often exceed 90°F (32°C), which may deter outdoor activities during peak hours. Health risks such as heat exhaustion can become a concern, especially for vulnerable populations.
Traffic Congestion: Jacksonville has faced increasing traffic congestion, particularly during rush hours. The city’s layout and growing population contribute to longer commute times. According to a 2019 study from INRIX, Jacksonville ranked among the top cities for time spent in traffic, impacting residents’ daily routines and quality of life.
Crime Rates in Certain Areas: Although Jacksonville has many safe neighborhoods, some parts of the city experience higher crime rates. Property crimes and violent incidents can occur in these areas, leading to concerns for safety among residents. According to NeighborhoodScout’s crime index, certain neighborhoods have crime rates significantly above the national average, prompting residents to be cautious.
Lack of Cultural Activities: Jacksonville is sometimes perceived as lacking in vibrant cultural offerings compared to larger cities. Some residents feel that the options for museums, theaters, and live music events are limited. The Jacksonville Business Journal reported in 2020 that the city lags behind in cultural investments, which can affect the lifestyle of those seeking diverse entertainment.
Vulnerability to Hurricanes: Jacksonville’s coastal location makes it susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storms. Storm preparedness and potential evacuations can disrupt life and pose risks to properties and safety. The National Hurricane Center regularly updates forecasts, emphasizing the reality of living in a hurricane-prone area, which affects residents’ peace of mind.

These disadvantages present challenges for current and prospective residents of Jacksonville. Understanding these aspects is vital for making informed decisions about living in the city.

How Does Jacksonville’s Climate Impact Daily Life?

Jacksonville’s climate significantly impacts daily life. The city has a humid subtropical climate. This results in hot summers and mild winters. Residents often experience high humidity levels. The heat influences outdoor activities. People tend to engage in water sports and beach outings during summer. Rainfall is common in the summer months. Daily routines may include carrying umbrellas and planning for sudden downpours.

Hurricane season, from June to November, also affects life in Jacksonville. Residents prepare for potential storms. This preparation includes securing homes and stocking emergency supplies. Additionally, the climate fosters a vibrant ecosystem. Outdoor events and festivals thrive year-round, attracting many locals and visitors. However, high temperatures may limit outdoor activities during peak heat hours.

In summary, Jacksonville’s climate shapes daily routines, recreational choices, and disaster preparedness. Residents adapt to seasonal changes and embrace outdoor lifestyles while remaining aware of weather-related challenges.

What Are the Concerns Related to Crime in Jacksonville?

Concerns related to crime in Jacksonville primarily revolve around violent crime rates, property crime statistics, gang activity, and perceptions of safety among residents.

Violent Crime Rates
Property Crime Statistics
Gang Activity
Perceptions of Safety
Community Policing Initiatives
Socioeconomic Factors

The discussion about crime in Jacksonville encompasses various perspectives and attributes, including both statistics and community experiences.

Violent Crime Rates: Violent crime rates in Jacksonville have historically been higher than the national average. According to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program, Jacksonville reported a violent crime rate of 803 per 100,000 residents in 2021. Issues like homicide and aggravated assault contribute significantly to this statistic. Factors influencing these rates include economic disparities and access to resources.
Property Crime Statistics: Property crimes, including burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft, also raise concerns among residents. Jacksonville’s property crime rate reached approximately 3,766 incidents per 100,000 residents in 2021, indicating a greater risk of property offenses compared to many other U.S. cities. Communities often feel the impact of these crimes, as they affect residents’ quality of life and sense of security.
Gang Activity: Gang activity in Jacksonville contributes to increased violence and drugs in certain neighborhoods. According to a report by the Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office, gangs are linked to a notable percentage of violent crimes in the city. Community outreach programs are crucial in addressing this concern by providing alternatives for at-risk youth.
Perceptions of Safety: The perception of safety among Jacksonville’s residents varies significantly by neighborhood. Some areas have relatively low crime rates but still experience fear due to media coverage and personal experiences. A survey conducted by the University of North Florida found that many residents expressed concerns about crime influencing their decisions to engage in outdoor or community activities.
Community Policing Initiatives: Local law enforcement has implemented community policing initiatives to address crime concerns. These programs focus on building relationships between police officers and community members. By fostering trust, they aim to reduce crime and enhance public safety, thereby improving perceptions of neighborhood safety.
Socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic factors play a critical role in crime trends in Jacksonville. Areas with high poverty rates and limited access to education and employment opportunities often see elevated crime rates. Studies show a correlation between economic status and crime, suggesting that targeted social programs could help mitigate these issues.

Overall, these concerns reflect a complex interplay of statistics, community experiences, and systemic issues that must be addressed to improve Jacksonville’s safety and crime rates.

What Is the Quality of Education Offered in Jacksonville?

The quality of education in Jacksonville is the overall effectiveness and outcomes of educational institutions within the city. This includes factors such as academic performance, teaching quality, resources, and student support services.

According to the Florida Department of Education, quality education is defined as effectively preparing students for success in their academic and professional futures. This standard encompasses a curriculum that meets state requirements and supports student engagement.

Several aspects contribute to education quality in Jacksonville, including teacher qualifications, school funding, and community involvement. Access to technology and extracurricular opportunities also plays a critical role in enhancing students’ learning experiences.

The National Center for Education Statistics emphasizes that high-quality education is assessed through various metrics, including graduation rates, standardized test scores, and student-to-teacher ratios. Schools must provide a supportive and inclusive environment to achieve these educational goals.

Key factors affecting education quality in Jacksonville include socioeconomic disparities, urban challenges, and varying levels of parental involvement. These conditions can limit access to resources and educational opportunities for some students.

As of 2023, Jacksonville’s graduation rate stands at approximately 84%, according to Florida Department of Education data. Projections indicate that improving funding and resources could increase graduation rates by 10-15% over the next decade.

The implications of education quality extend beyond immediate academic results. A well-educated populace can lead to reduced crime rates, increased civic engagement, and enhanced economic stability.

Quality education contributes positively to health outcomes, social cohesion, and economic growth. Improved education often leads to better job prospects and higher income levels.

For instance, higher education levels correlate with reduced health issues and lower poverty rates. Communities with strong educational systems often show better overall well-being.

To address challenges in education quality, recommendations include increasing funding for public schools, providing professional development for teachers, and fostering community partnerships. These measures can enhance educational outcomes.

Implementing strategies such as technology integration, personalized learning, and after-school programs can further support students. Encouraging parental involvement and collaboration with local businesses may also strengthen education quality in Jacksonville.

How Do Jacksonville’s Public Schools Compare Nationally?

Jacksonville’s public schools generally perform at or slightly below the national average, with mixed results in different subject areas and demographic groups.

The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) provides important data on public school performance across the United States, including Jacksonville. Key points about Jacksonville’s public schools include:

Overall Performance: According to the NAEP 2022 report, Florida fourth-graders scored an average of 215 in reading, placing the state slightly above the national average of 212. However, Jacksonville schools often perform just at the state average.
Subject Proficiency: In math, Florida eighth-graders achieved an average score of 290, which is on par with the national average. Jacksonville’s schools show varying results, particularly with students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds facing challenges in achieving proficiency.
Demographic Gaps: Data from the Florida Department of Education in 2021 indicates that there are significant disparities in performance among racial and socioeconomic groups. For instance, Black students in Jacksonville scored, on average, 18 points lower than their white counterparts in reading assessment scores.
Graduation Rates: The graduation rate for Jacksonville public schools was reported at 81% in 2020. This rate is close to the national average but suggests that there are still a noteworthy number of students who do not complete their high school education.
Resources and Support: Schools in Jacksonville have implemented various programs aimed at improving educational outcomes. Initiatives such as tutoring, after-school programs, and parental involvement have been shown to support struggling students, but the effectiveness of these programs varies widely between schools.

Overall, while Jacksonville’s public schools exhibit moderate performance, they face challenges related to equity and student support that may affect their overall educational effectiveness compared to nationwide standards.

What Higher Education Institutions Are Available in Jacksonville?

Jacksonville offers various higher education institutions, including universities, colleges, and vocational schools. The main types of higher education institutions available in Jacksonville are:

Public Universities
Private Universities
Community Colleges
Technical/Vocational Schools
Online Education Providers

Each of these options presents unique attributes and educational pathways for students. Understanding their differences can guide prospective students in making informed decisions about their educational futures.

Public Universities: Public universities in Jacksonville are primarily funded by the state. These institutions typically offer a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs. For example, the University of North Florida (UNF) provides degrees in fields such as business, education, and healthcare. Enrollment at UNF was approximately 16,000 students as of 2020, showcasing its significance in the local educational landscape.
Private Universities: Private universities, such as Jacksonville University (JU), are funded through tuition, donations, and private grants. JU emphasizes small class sizes and personalized learning experiences. It offers programs in arts, sciences, and health professions. Interestingly, private universities often provide substantial financial aid, which can offset high tuition costs.
Community Colleges: Community colleges like Florida State College at Jacksonville (FSCJ) focus on providing affordable education and vocational training. They offer associate degrees and certificate programs that prepare students for immediate employment or transfer to four-year universities. Community colleges play a crucial role in increasing access to higher education for diverse populations and non-traditional students.
Technical/Vocational Schools: Technical and vocational schools provide specialized training for specific careers, such as nursing or culinary arts. For example, the Florida School of the Arts offers programs aimed at developing practical skills in performing arts. These institutions respond to workforce demands and often lead to high employment rates for graduates.
Online Education Providers: Online education providers cater to students who require flexibility in their study schedules. Programs from universities, such as UNF and JU, are available online. Research shows that online education has grown significantly, with many students preferring it due to its convenience and accessibility. This trend enables working adults to pursue higher education while balancing their commitments.

Overall, Jacksonville’s higher education landscape presents diverse opportunities for students with varying needs and preferences. Each institution type contributes uniquely to the educational ecosystem, catering to different academic and career aspirations.

What Is the Community and Lifestyle Like in Jacksonville?

Jacksonville offers a diverse community and lifestyle characterized by a blend of urban amenities and natural beauty. The city is known for its vibrant neighborhoods, waterfront parks, and cultural attractions.

The definition of community in this context aligns with the Community Development Society’s focus on social networks and shared values among residents. Jacksonville exemplifies these principles through its various local events, community initiatives, and neighborhood organizations.

The lifestyle in Jacksonville includes outdoor activities, thanks to its climate and geographical features. Residents enjoy beaches, parks, and recreational sports. The city hosts festivals and cultural events, reflecting its rich history and diversity.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Jacksonville has a population exceeding 900,000, making it one of the largest cities in the United States. This population contributes to a dynamic community, with various ethnicities and backgrounds.

Factors such as economic growth, affordable housing, and a low cost of living make Jacksonville an attractive place to live. The city’s expanding job market supports its growing population.

Data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that Jacksonville’s unemployment rate is below the national average, reinforcing its economic stability and potential for future growth.

The community’s health, environmental sustainability, and economic prosperity are interconnected, affecting overall quality of life. A supportive social fabric promotes well-being among residents.

For example, Jacksonville’s investments in public parks enhance recreational options, while local health initiatives address wellness and preemptive care.

To foster community engagement and improve lifestyle, experts recommend enhancing public spaces, promoting local businesses, and increasing public transport. Recommendations from the Jacksonville Chamber of Commerce stress the importance of collaborative planning.

Strategic efforts like community gardens, artistic public projects, and improved infrastructure can enhance community interaction and environmental sustainability. These practices aim to nurture a more vibrant and connected Jacksonville.

How Diverse and Inclusive Is the Culture in Jacksonville?

Jacksonville’s culture is diverse and inclusive. The city showcases a multicultural population reflecting various ethnicities, religions, and lifestyles. African American, Hispanic, Asian, and White communities contribute to the cultural fabric. The presence of cultural festivals, art events, and diverse culinary offerings highlight this diversity. Organizations in Jacksonville promote inclusivity through initiatives aimed at supporting marginalized groups. The city hosts events like the Jacksonville Jazz Festival and the World of Nations Celebration, celebrating different cultures. Local schools and businesses engage in diversity training and outreach programs. However, challenges remain, including economic inequality and racial disparities. Overall, Jacksonville makes strides toward fostering a diverse and inclusive environment while continually working to improve its social dynamics.

Which Neighborhoods Are Considered the Best Places to Live in Jacksonville?

The best neighborhoods to live in Jacksonville include Riverside, San Marco, Ponte Vedra Beach, Mandarin, and Jacksonville Beach.

Riverside
San Marco
Ponte Vedra Beach
Mandarin
Jacksonville Beach

In addition to these neighborhoods, various perspectives can influence the perception of livability. Factors such as affordability, proximity to schools, local amenities, and community culture play significant roles. While some may prioritize waterfront views and outdoor recreation, others may value vibrant nightlife or a strong sense of community.

Neighborhoods in Jacksonville offer unique attributes based on different lifestyle needs.

Riverside:
Riverside stands out for its historic charm and vibrant arts community. This neighborhood features tree-lined streets, historic architecture, and access to parks. Residents enjoy a lively atmosphere with local shops, cafes, and a renowned nightlife. According to local surveys, Riverside is popular among young professionals and artists. The area hosts events like the Riverside Arts Market, which gathers community support.
San Marco:
San Marco represents luxury living with its upscale shops and dining options. This area has a distinctly European feel, characterized by exquisite architecture and a rich history. Properties are often well-maintained and the neighborhood offers a strong sense of community. The local theater, San Marco Theatre, adds cultural value. A survey from the Jacksonville Business Journal indicates many families choose San Marco for its reputable schools.
Ponte Vedra Beach:
Ponte Vedra Beach caters to those seeking a beachfront lifestyle. The area is known for its beautiful beaches and golf courses, including the famous TPC Sawgrass. Residents appreciate the relaxed atmosphere and outdoor activities available. According to a report from the Jacksonville Daily Record, home values in this area consistently rank higher than the city average, attracting affluent buyers.
Mandarin:
Mandarin offers a suburban feel with access to good schools, parks, and shopping centers. The neighborhood features tree-canopied streets and waterfront homes along the St. Johns River. Families often find Mandarin appealing due to its kid-friendly environment and recreational opportunities. A study by the National Association of Realtors found high satisfaction among residents regarding safety and community involvement.
Jacksonville Beach:
Jacksonville Beach is ideal for those who enjoy a coastal lifestyle. It provides easy access to the ocean and a dynamic boardwalk. The area is bustling with activities year-round, from beach volleyball to surf competitions. A report from Beach Life Magazine highlights the thriving community spirit and event calendar, making it attractive for both families and young professionals.

Overall, these neighborhoods highlight the diverse living options within Jacksonville. Each offers unique benefits catering to different lifestyle preferences.

How Accessible Are Healthcare Facilities in Jacksonville?

Healthcare facilities in Jacksonville are generally accessible, but the level of accessibility varies by location and specific healthcare provider. Major hospitals and medical centers are located throughout the city, with many in close proximity to residential areas. Public transportation options, such as buses, help residents reach these facilities. However, some neighborhoods may have limited access to transportation services.

Additionally, certain facilities are more equipped to handle diverse medical needs. Clinics, urgent care centers, and specialty offices are spread across the city, yet rural areas might have fewer options. Health insurance coverage also influences how easily residents can access necessary services.

Overall, while Jacksonville provides a range of healthcare facilities, accessibility remains an issue in specific regions and for certain populations. Continuous improvement in transportation and facility distribution can enhance overall access to healthcare in the city.

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